College physics

1143 Pages·2015·88.017 MB·English

by  Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille

37027_endsheets_ptg01_hr_ES3.indd 3 23/08/13 9:07 PM
■ Pedagogical color chart
Mechanics and Thermodynamics
Displacement and Linear (Sp) and
S
position vectors angular (L)
Displacement and position momentum vectors
component vectors Linear and
Linear (Sv) and angular (vS) angular momentum
component vectors
velocity vectors
Velocity component vectors Torque vectors (St)
Torque component
S
Force vectors (F)
vectors
Force component vectors
Schematic linear or
Acceleration vectors (Sa) rotational motion
Acceleration component vectors directions
Dimensional rotational
Energy transfer arrows
W arrow
eng
Enlargement arrow
Q
c
Springs
Qh Pulleys
Process arrow
Electricity and Magnetism
Electric fields Capacitors
Electric field vectors
Electric field component vectors Inductors (coils)
Magnetic fields Voltmeters V
Magnetic field vectors
Magnetic field Ammeters A
component vectors
AC Sources
Positive charges (cid:31)
Lightbulbs
Negative charges (cid:30)
Resistors
Ground symbol
Batteries and other (cid:31)
Current
DC power supplies (cid:30)
Switches
Light and Optics
Mirror
Light ray
Curved mirror
Focal light ray
Central light ray
Objects
Converging lens
Diverging lens Images
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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■ Conversion FaCtors
Length Speed
1 m (cid:31) 39.37 in. (cid:31) 3.281 ft 1 km/h (cid:31) 0.278 m/s (cid:31) 0.621 mi/h
1 in. (cid:31) 2.54 cm (exact) 1 m/s (cid:31) 2.237 mi/h (cid:31) 3.281 ft/s
1 km (cid:31) 0.621 mi 1 mi/h (cid:31) 1.61 km/h (cid:31) 0.447 m/s (cid:31) 1.47 ft/s
1 mi (cid:31) 5 280 ft (cid:31) 1.609 km
Force
1 lightyear (ly) (cid:31) 9.461 (cid:30) 1015 m
1 N (cid:31) 0.224 8 lb (cid:31) 105 dynes
1 angstrom (Å) (cid:31) 10(cid:29)10 m
1 lb (cid:31) 4.448 N
Mass 1 dyne (cid:31) 10(cid:29)5 N (cid:31) 2.248 (cid:30) 10(cid:29)6 lb
1 kg (cid:31) 103 g (cid:31) 6.85 (cid:30) 10(cid:29)2 slug
Work and energy
1 slug (cid:31) 14.59 kg
1 J (cid:31) 107 erg (cid:31) 0.738 ft (cid:28) lb (cid:31) 0.239 cal
1 u (cid:31) 1.66 (cid:30) 10(cid:29)27 kg (cid:31) 931.5 MeV/c2
1 cal (cid:31) 4.186 J
Time 1 ft (cid:28) lb (cid:31) 1.356 J
1 min (cid:31) 60 s 1 Btu (cid:31) 1.054 (cid:30) 103 J (cid:31) 252 cal
1 h (cid:31) 3 600 s 1 J (cid:31) 6.24 (cid:30) 1018 eV
1 day (cid:31) 24 h (cid:31) 1.44 (cid:30) 103 min (cid:31) 8.64 (cid:30) 104 s 1 eV (cid:31) 1.602 (cid:30) 10(cid:29)19 J
1 yr (cid:31) 365.242 days (cid:31) 3.156 (cid:30) 107 s 1 kWh (cid:31) 3.60 (cid:30) 106 J
Volume Pressure
1 L (cid:31) 1 000 cm3 (cid:31) 0.035 3 ft3 1 atm (cid:31) 1.013 (cid:30) 105 N/m2 (or Pa) (cid:31) 14.70 lb/in.2
1 ft3 (cid:31) 2.832 (cid:30) 10(cid:29)2 m3 1 Pa (cid:31) 1 N/m2 (cid:31) 1.45 (cid:30) 10(cid:29)4 lb/in.2
1 gal (cid:31) 3.786 L (cid:31) 231 in.3 1 lb/in.2 (cid:31) 6.895 (cid:30) 103 N/m2
Angle Power
180° (cid:31) p rad 1 hp (cid:31) 550 ft (cid:28) lb/s (cid:31) 0.746 kW
1 rad (cid:31) 57.30° 1 W (cid:31) 1 J/s (cid:31) 0.738 ft (cid:28) lb/s
1° (cid:31) 60 min (cid:31) 1.745 (cid:30) 10(cid:29)2 rad 1 Btu/h (cid:31) 0.293 W
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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37027_endsheet_rev01_lores.indd 1 13/08/13 3:40 PM
Tenth
S
BI
R
O
C
Edition w/
Che
Mike
©
College Physics
Raymond A. Serway | Emeritus, James Madison University
Chris Vuille | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
With contributions from John Hughes | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical
University
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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College Physics, Tenth Edition © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Raymond A. Serway
Raymond A. Serway and Chris Vuille
WCN: 02-200-203
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We dedicate this book to our wives,
children, grandchildren, relatives, and
friends who have provided so much love,
support, and understanding through the
years, and to the students for whom this
book was written.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Contents Overview
■
Part 1 | Mechanics
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 7 Rotational Motion and the Law of
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension 26 Gravity 202
Chapter 3 Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion 57 Chapter 8 Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational
Dynamics 240
Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion 88
Chapter 9 Solids and Fluids 282
Chapter 5 Energy 127
Chapter 6 Momentum and Collisions 170
Part 2 | Thermodynamics
Chapter 10 Thermal Physics 336 Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics 402
Chapter 11 Energy in Thermal Processes 367
Part 3 | Vibrations and Waves
Chapter 13 Vibrations and Waves 445 Chapter 14 Sound 481
Part 4 | Electricity and Magnetism
Chapter 15 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 523 Chapter 19 Magnetism 659
Chapter 16 Electrical Energy and Capacitance 558 Chapter 20 Induced Voltages and Inductance 699
Chapter 17 Current and Resistance 600 Chapter 21 Alternating-Current Circuits and
Chapter 18 Direct-Current Circuits 626 Electromagnetic Waves 733
Part 5 | Light and Optics
Chapter 22 Reflection and Refraction of Light 772 Chapter 24 Wave Optics 835
Chapter 23 Mirrors and Lenses 801 Chapter 25 Optical Instruments 870
Part 6 | Modern Physics
Chapter 26 Relativity 896 Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics 971
Chapter 27 Quantum Physics 923 Chapter 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary
Chapter 28 Atomic Physics 947 Particles 996
APPENDIX A: Mathematics Review A.1 Answers to Quick Quizzes, Example Questions,
Odd-Numbered Warm-Up Exercises, Conceptual
APPENDIX B: An Abbreviated Table Questions, and Problems A.23
of Isotopes A.14
Index I.1
APPENDIX C: Some Useful Tables A.19
APPENDIX D: SI Units A.21
iv
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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37027_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxxii.indd 4 27/09/13 10:42 AM
Contents
■
about the authors viii 6.3 Collisions 179
Preface ix 6.4 Glancing Collisions 186
engaging aPPlications xxv 6.5 Rocket Propulsion 188
to the student xxvii Summary 191
Mcat test PreParation guide xxx
chaPter 7 Rotational Motion and the Law
Part 1 | Mechanics of Gravity 202
7.1 Angular Speed and Angular Acceleration 203
chaPter 1 Introduction 1 7.2 Rotational Motion Under Constant Angular Acceleration 206
7.3 Relations Between Angular and Linear Quantities 208
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time 1 7.4 Centripetal Acceleration 211
1.2 The Building Blocks of Matter 4 7.5 Newtonian Gravitation 219
1.3 Dimensional Analysis 5 7.6 Kepler’s Laws 226
1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures 7 Summary 229
1.5 Conversion of Units 11
1.6 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 12 chaPter 8 Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational
1.7 Coordinate Systems 15 Dynamics 240
1.8 Trigonometry 15
1.9 Problem-Solving Strategy 18 8.1 Torque 241
Summary 19 8.2 Torque and the Two Conditions for Equilibrium 245
8.3 The Center of Gravity 246
chaPter 2 Motion in One Dimension 26 8.4 Examples of Objects in Equilibrium 249
8.5 Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration 252
2.1 Displacement 27 8.6 Rotational Kinetic Energy 259
2.2 Velocity 28 8.7 Angular Momentum 262
2.3 Acceleration 34
Summary 267
2.4 Motion Diagrams 37
2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration 38 chaPter 9 Solids and Fluids 282
2.6 Freely Falling Objects 44
Summary 49 9.1 States of Matter 282
9.2 Density and Pressure 284
chaPter 3 Vectors and Two-Dimensional 9.3 The Deformation of Solids 287
Motion 57 9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth 293
9.5 Pressure Measurements 297
3.1 Vectors and Their Properties 57 9.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle 299
3.2 Components of a Vector 60 9.7 Fluids in Motion 304
3.3 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration in Two Dimensions 63 9.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics 311
3.4 Motion in Two Dimensions 65 9.9 Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow 313
3.5 Relative Velocity 73 9.10 Transport Phenomena 321
Summary 77
Summary 325
chaPter 4 The Laws of Motion 88
4.1 Forces 89 Part 2 | Thermodynamics
4.2 Newton’s First Law 90
4.3 Newton’s Second Law 91
4.4 Newton’s Third Law 97 chaPter 10 Thermal Physics 336
4.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws 100
10.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 337
4.6 Forces of Friction 108
10.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales 338
Summary 115
10.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 343
chaPter 5 Energy 127 10.4 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 349
10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 354
5.1 Work 128 Summary 359
5.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem 132
5.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 135 chaPter 11 Energy in Thermal Processes 367
5.4 Spring Potential Energy 143
11.1 Heat and Internal Energy 367
5.5 Systems and Energy Conservation 148
11.2 Specific Heat 370
5.6 Power 150
11.3 Calorimetry 372
5.7 Work Done by a Varying Force 155
11.4 Latent Heat and Phase Change 374
Summary 157
11.5 Energy Transfer 380
chaPter 6 Momentum and Collisions 170 11.6 Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases 391
Summary 393
6.1 Momentum and Impulse 170
6.2 Conservation of Momentum 176
v
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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37027_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxxii.indd 5 27/09/13 10:42 AM