College Physics

2080 Pages·2021·23.719 MB·English

by  Paul Peter Urone,Roger HinRichs

College Physics

SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
PAUL PETER URONE, CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO
ROGER HINRICHS, STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, COLLEGE AT OSWEGO
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HARDCOVER BOOK ISBN-13 978-1-938168-00-0
PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 978-1-947172-97-5
B&W PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 978-1-50669-809-0
DIGITAL VERSION ISBN-13 978-1-947172-01-2
ENHANCED TEXTBOOK ISBN-13 vol 1 978-1-938168-04-8
ENHANCED TEXTBOOK ISBN-13 vol 2 978-1-938168-03-1
ORIGINAL PUBLICATION YEAR 2012
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Contents
Preface 1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics
.....................................5
Introduction to Science and the Realm of Physics, Physical Quantities, and Units 5
1.1Physics: An Introduction 6
1.2Physical Quantities and Units 14
1.3Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures 22
1.4Approximation 28
Glossary 31
Section Summary 31
Conceptual Questions 32
Problems & Exercises 32
CHAPTER 2
Kinematics
..............................................................................................................................35
Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics 35
2.1Displacement 37
2.2Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems 40
2.3Time, Velocity, and Speed 41
2.4Acceleration 45
2.5Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension 56
2.6Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics 67
2.7Falling Objects 69
2.8Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion 77
Glossary 85
Section Summary 85
Conceptual Questions 87
Problems & Exercises 89
CHAPTER 3
Two-Dimensional Kinematics
.................................................................................97
Introduction to Two-Dimensional Kinematics 97
3.1Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction 98
3.2Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 101
3.3Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 110
3.4Projectile Motion 116
3.5Addition of Velocities 124
Glossary 133
Section Summary 133
Conceptual Questions 134
Problems & Exercises 136
CHAPTER 4
Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion
.....................................143
Introduction to Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion 143
4.1Development of Force Concept 145
4.2Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia 146
4.3Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System 147
4.4Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces 153
4.5Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces 157
4.6Problem-Solving Strategies 166
4.7Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion 168
4.8Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction 175
Glossary 181
Section Summary 181
Conceptual Questions 183
Problems & Exercises 184
CHAPTER 5
Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and
Elasticity
................................................................................................................................191
Introduction: Further Applications of Newton’s Laws 191
5.1Friction 192
5.2Drag Forces 198
5.3Elasticity: Stress and Strain 203
Glossary 214
Section Summary 214
Conceptual Questions 215
Problems & Exercises 215
CHAPTER 6
Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation
....................................................221
Introduction to Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation 221
6.1Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity 222
6.2Centripetal Acceleration 226
6.3Centripetal Force 230
6.4Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force 234
6.5Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation 238
6.6Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity 246
Glossary 252
Section Summary 252
Conceptual Questions 253
Problems & Exercises 256
CHAPTER 7
Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
.............................................................261
Introduction to Work, Energy, and Energy Resources 261
7.1Work: The Scientific Definition 262
7.2Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem 266
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7.3Gravitational Potential Energy 271
7.4Conservative Forces and Potential Energy 276
7.5Nonconservative Forces 280
7.6Conservation of Energy 285
7.7Power 289
7.8Work, Energy, and Power in Humans 294
7.9World Energy Use 297
Glossary 301
Section Summary 301
Conceptual Questions 303
Problems & Exercises 304
CHAPTER 8
Linear Momentum and Collisions
.......................................................................313
Introduction to Linear Momentum and Collisions 313
8.1Linear Momentum and Force 314
8.2Impulse 317
8.3Conservation of Momentum 319
8.4Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 323
8.5Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 326
8.6Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions 330
8.7Introduction to Rocket Propulsion 334
Glossary 338
Section Summary 338
Conceptual Questions 339
Problems & Exercises 340
CHAPTER 9
Statics and Torque
.........................................................................................................347
Introduction to Statics and Torque 347
9.1The First Condition for Equilibrium 348
9.2The Second Condition for Equilibrium 350
9.3Stability 355
9.4Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies 359
9.5Simple Machines 363
9.6Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints 367
Glossary 373
Section Summary 373
Conceptual Questions 374
Problems & Exercises 375
CHAPTER 10
Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
...............................................383
Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum 383
10.1Angular Acceleration 385
10.2Kinematics of Rotational Motion 389
10.3Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia 394
10.4Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited 399
10.5Angular Momentum and Its Conservation 407
10.6Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions 414
10.7Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum 418
Glossary 421
Section Summary 421
Conceptual Questions 422
Problems & Exercises 425
CHAPTER 11
Fluid Statics
........................................................................................................................431
Introduction to Fluid Statics 431
11.1What Is a Fluid? 432
11.2Density 433
11.3Pressure 436
11.4Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid 438
11.5Pascal’s Principle 442
11.6Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement 445
11.7Archimedes’ Principle 449
11.8Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action 456
11.9Pressures in the Body 465
Glossary 471
Section Summary 471
Conceptual Questions 472
Problems & Exercises 474
CHAPTER 12
Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
.....481
Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications 481
12.1Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity 482
12.2Bernoulli’s Equation 486
12.3The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 490
12.4Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law 493
12.5The Onset of Turbulence 501
12.6Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid 503
12.7Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes 505
Glossary 510
Section Summary 510
Conceptual Questions 511
Problems & Exercises 514
CHAPTER 13
Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws
..................................519
Introduction to Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws 519
13.1Temperature 520
13.2Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 528
13.3The Ideal Gas Law 535
13.4Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature 542
13.5Phase Changes 549
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