College Physics PDF
Preview College Physics
■ PEDAGOGICAL COLOR CHART Mechanics and Thermodynamics S Displacement and Linear (p) and S position vectors angular (L) Displacement and position momentum vectors component vectors Linear and S S angular momentum Linear (v) and angular (v) component vectors velocity vectors S Velocity component vectors Torque vectors (t) S Torque component Force vectors (F) vectors Force component vectors Schematic linear or S Acceleration vectors (a) rotational motion Acceleration component vectors directions Dimensional rotational Energy transfer arrows W arrow eng Enlargement arrow Q c Springs Qh Pulleys Process arrow Electricity and Magnetism Electric fields Capacitors Electric field vectors Electric field component vectors Inductors (coils) Magnetic fields Voltmeters V Magnetic field vectors Magnetic field Ammeters A component vectors AC Sources Positive charges (cid:2) Lightbulbs Negative charges (cid:3) Resistors Ground symbol Batteries and other (cid:2) Current DC power supplies (cid:3) Switches Light and Optics Mirror Light ray Curved mirror Focal light ray Central light ray Objects Converging lens Diverging lens Images Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. sseerr6622006600__9999__eennddsshheeeettss..iinndddd 22 88//1188//1100 1111::5511 AAMM ■ CONVERSION FACTORS Length Speed 1 m (cid:4) 39.37 in. (cid:4) 3.281 ft 1 km/h (cid:4) 0.278 m/s (cid:4) 0.621 mi/h 1 in. (cid:4) 2.54 cm (exact) 1 m/s (cid:4) 2.237 mi/h (cid:4) 3.281 ft/s 1 km (cid:4) 0.621 mi 1 mi/h (cid:4) 1.61 km/h (cid:4) 0.447 m/s (cid:4) 1.47 ft/s 1 mi (cid:4) 5 280 ft (cid:4) 1.609 km Force 1 lightyear (ly) (cid:4) 9.461 (cid:5) 1015 m 1 N (cid:4) 0.224 8 lb (cid:4) 105 dynes 1 angstrom (Å) (cid:4) 10(cid:3)10 m 1 lb (cid:4) 4.448 N Mass 1 dyne (cid:4) 10(cid:3)5 N (cid:4) 2.248 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)6 lb 1 kg (cid:4) 103 g (cid:4) 6.85 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)2 slug Work and energy 1 slug (cid:4) 14.59 kg 1 J (cid:4) 107 erg (cid:4) 0.738 ft (cid:6) lb (cid:4) 0.239 cal 1 u (cid:4) 1.66 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)27 kg (cid:4) 931.5 MeV/c2 1 cal (cid:4) 4.186 J Time 1 ft (cid:6) lb (cid:4) 1.356 J 1 min (cid:4) 60 s 1 Btu (cid:4) 1.054 (cid:5) 103 J (cid:4) 252 cal 1 h (cid:4) 3 600 s 1 J (cid:4) 6.24 (cid:5) 1018 eV 1 day (cid:4) 24 h (cid:4) 1.44 (cid:5) 103 min (cid:4) 8.64 (cid:5) 104 s 1 eV (cid:4) 1.602 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)19 J 1 yr (cid:4) 365.242 days (cid:4) 3.156 (cid:5) 107 s 1 kWh (cid:4) 3.60 (cid:5) 106 J Volume Pressure 1 L (cid:4) 1 000 cm3 (cid:4) 0.035 3 ft3 1 atm (cid:4) 1.013 (cid:5) 105 N/m2 (or Pa) (cid:4) 14.70 lb/in.2 1 ft3 (cid:4) 2.832 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)2 m3 1 Pa (cid:4) 1 N/m2 (cid:4) 1.45 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)4 lb/in.2 1 gal (cid:4) 3.786 L (cid:4) 231 in.3 1 lb/in.2 (cid:4) 6.895 (cid:5) 103 N/m2 Angle Power 180° (cid:4) p rad 1 hp (cid:4) 550 ft (cid:6) lb/s (cid:4) 0.746 kW 1 rad (cid:4) 57.30° 1 W (cid:4) 1 J/s (cid:4) 0.738 ft (cid:6) lb/s 1° (cid:4) 60 min (cid:4) 1.745 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)2 rad 1 Btu/h (cid:4) 0.293 W Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. sseerr6622006600__9999__eennddsshheeeettss..iinndddd 33 88//1188//1100 1111::5511 AAMM ■ PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Quantity Symbol Value SI unit Avogadro’s number N 6.02 (cid:5) 1023 particles/mol A Bohr radius a 5.29 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)11 m 0 Boltzmann’s constant k 1.38 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)23 J/K B Coulomb constant, 1/4pP k 8.99 (cid:5) 109 N (cid:6) m2/C2 0 e Electron Compton wavelength h/mc 2.43 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)12 m e Electron mass m 9.11 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)31 kg e 5.49 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)4 u 0.511 MeV/c2 Elementary charge e 1.60 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)19 C Gravitational constant G 6.67 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)11 N (cid:6) m2/kg2 Mass of Earth M 5.98 (cid:5) 1024 kg E Mass of Moon M 7.36 (cid:5) 1022 kg M Molar volume of ideal gas at STP V 22.4 L/mol 2.24 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)2 m3/mol Neutron mass m 1.674 93 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)27 kg n 1.008 665 u 939.565 MeV/c2 Permeability of free space m 1.26 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)6 T (cid:6) m/A 0 (4p (cid:5) 10(cid:3)7 exactly) Permittivity of free space P 8.85 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)12 C2/N (cid:6) m2 0 Planck’s constant h 6.63 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)34 J (cid:6) s (cid:7) (cid:4) h/2p 1.05 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)34 J (cid:6) s Proton mass m 1.672 62 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)27 kg p 1.007 276 u 938.272 MeV/c2 Radius of Earth (at equator) R 6.38 (cid:5) 106 m E Radius of Moon R 1.74 (cid:5) 106 m M Rydberg constant R 1.10 (cid:5) 107 m(cid:3)1 H Speed of light in vacuum c 3.00 (cid:5) 108 m/s Standard free-fall acceleration g 9.80 m/s2 Stefan-Boltzmann constant s 5.67 (cid:5) 10(cid:3)8 W/m2 (cid:6) K4 Universal gas constant R 8.31 J/mol (cid:6) K The values presented in this table are those used in computations in the text. Generally, the physical constants are known to much better precision. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. sseerr6622006600__9999__eennddsshheeeettss..iinndddd 44 88//1188//1100 1111::5511 AAMM Group0He2 4.002 6 21s Ne10 20.180 62p Ar18 39.948 63p Kr36 83.80 64p Xe54 131.29 65p Rn86 (222) 66p Lu71 174.97 114245df6s Lr103 (262) 14125f6d7s GroupVIIH1 1.007 9 11s F9 18.998 52p Cl17 35.453 53p Br35 79.904 54p I53 126.90 55p At85 (210) 56p ††117 (294) Yb70 173.04 1424f6s No102 (259) 1425f7s GroupVI O8 15.999 42p S16 32.066 43p Se34 78.96 44p Te52 127.60 45p Po84 (209) 46p ††116 (292) Tm69 168.93 1324f6s Md101 (258) 1325f7s 7 5 3 1 3 8 0 1 3 5 8 6 0 GroupV N 14.007 32p P 30.974 33p As 74.922 34p Sb 121.76 35p Bi 208.98 36p Er 167.26 1224f6s Fm1 (257) 1225f7s GroupIV C6 12.011 22p Si14 28.086 23p Ge32 72.64 24p Sn50 118.71 25p Pb82 207.2 26p ††114 (289) Ho 67 164.93 1124f6s Es99 (252) 1125f7s 5 3 1 9 1 6 8 1 3 4 8 6 9 GroupIII B 10.811 12p Al 26.982 13p Ga 69.723 14p In 114.82 15p Tl 204.38 16p Dy 162.50 1024f6s Cf (251) 1025f7s Zn30 65.41 1023d4s Cd48 112.41 1024d5s Hg80 200.59 1025d6s Cp112 (285) Tb65 158.93 18245df6s Bk97 (247) 81275f6ds 29 47 79 11 64 2s 96 2s 6 1s 7 1s 7 1s 1 5 16 17 Cu 63.54 103d4 Ag 107.8 104d5 Au 196.9 105d6 Rg (272) Gd 157.2 745df Cm (247) 75f6d 8 6 8 0 3 5 2 4 7 1 6 9 Ni 58.693 823d4s Pd 106.42 104d Pt 195.08 915d6s Ds1 (271) Eu 151.96 724f6s Am (243) 725f7s 7 5 7 9 2 4 GroupGroupIIITransition elementsH1 1.007 9 1s BeLi34 9.012 26.941CaSymbol20Atomic number212s2s†40.078Atomic massMgNa111224sElectron configuration24.30522.990 213s3s CoFeMnCrVScTiCaK19202122232425262 58.93355.84554.93851.99650.94247.86744.95640.07839.098 72625251322212213d4s3d4s3d4s3d4s3d4s3d4s3d4s4s4s RhRuTcMoNbYZrSrRb37383940414243444 102.91101.07(98)95.9492.90691.22488.90687.6285.468 81715251412212214d5s4d5s4d5s4d5s4d5s4d5s4d5s5s5s IrOsReWTaHfBaCs555657–71*72737475767 192.2190.23186.21183.84180.95178.49137.33132.91 726252423222215d6s5d6s5d6s5d6s5d6s5d6s6s6s MtHsBhSgDbRfRaFr878889–103**10410510610710810 (226)(223)(261)(262)(266)(264)(277)(268) 3221226d7s6d7s7s7s CePrNdPmSmLa*Lanthanide series58575960616 140.12140.91144.24(145)150.36138.91 62524232112124f6s4f6s4f6s4f6s5d4f6s5d6s PuNpUPaThAc**Actinide series90899939291 (244)(237)238.03231.04232.04(227) 6241231221222125f7s5f6d7s5f6d7s5f6d7s6d7s6d7s Note: Atomic mass values given are averaged over isotopes in the percentages in which they exist in nature.†For an unstable element, mass number of the most stable known isotope is given in parentheses.††Elements 114, 116, and 117 have not yet been officially named.†††For a description of the atomic data, visit physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Elements/per_text.html Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. sseerr6622006600__9999__eennddsshheeeettss..iinndddd 55 88//1188//1100 1111::5511 AAMM Ninth Edition College Physics Raymond A. Serway | Emeritus, James Madison University Chris Vuille | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. sseerr6622006600__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd ii 1111//99//1100 22::2277 PPMM College Physics, Ninth Edition . 2012, 2009, 2006 by Raymond A. Serway Serway/Vuille ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Publisher: Charles Hartford graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Development Editor: Ed Dodd recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Associate Developmental Editor: Brandi or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Kirksey Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Editorial Assistant: Brendan Killion written permission of the publisher. Senior Media Editor: Rebecca Berardy Schwartz For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Marketing Manager: Nicole Mollica Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Marketing Coordinator: Kevin Carroll For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions. Content Project Manager: Cathy Brooks Further permissions questions can be emailed to Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr [email protected]. Print Buyer: Diane Gibbons Rights Acquisition Specialists: Amanda Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930876 Groszko; Katie Huha ISBN-13: 978-0-8400-6206-2 Production Service: Lachina Publishing Services ISBN-10: 0-8400-6206-0 Text Designer: Brian Salisbury Cover Designer: Brian Salisbury Brooks/Cole Cover Image: Afl o Sports/Masterfi le 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 Compositor: Lachina Publishing Services USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at: international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. sseerr6622006600__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd iiii 1111//99//1100 22::2277 PPMM We dedicate this book to our wives, children, grandchildren, relatives, and friends who have provided so much love, support, and understanding through the years, and to the students for whom this book was written. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. sseerr6622006600__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd iiiiii 1111//99//1100 22::2277 PPMM Contents Overview ■ PART 1 | Mechanics Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 7 Rotational Motion and the Law of Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension 25 Gravity 198 Chapter 3 Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion 56 Chapter 8 Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 235 Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion 86 Chapter 9 Solids and Fluids 277 Chapter 5 Energy 124 Chapter 6 Momentum and Collisions 167 PART 2 | Thermodynamics Chapter 10 Thermal Physics 331 Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics 395 Chapter 11 Energy in Thermal Processes 362 PART 3 | Vibrations and Waves Chapter 13 Vibrations and Waves 437 Chapter 14 Sound 473 PART 4 | Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 15 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 513 Chapter 19 Magnetism 648 Chapter 16 Electrical Energy and Capacitance 548 Chapter 20 Induced Voltages and Inductance 688 Chapter 17 Current and Resistance 590 Chapter 21 Alternating-Current Circuits and Chapter 18 Direct-Current Circuits 616 Electromagnetic Waves 723 PART 5 | Light and Optics Chapter 22 Refl ection and Refraction of Light 761 Chapter 24 Wave Optics 824 Chapter 23 Mirrors and Lenses Chapter 25 Optical Instruments 859 PART 6 | Modern Physics Chapter 26 Relativity 885 Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics 957 Chapter 27 Quantum Physics 911 Chapter 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary Chapter 28 Atomic Physics 934 Particles 982 APPENDIX A: Mathematics Review A.1 APPENDIX E: MCAT Skill Builder Study Guide A.22 APPENDIX B: An Abbreviated Table Answers to Quick Quizzes, Example Questions, Odd- of Isotopes A.14 Numbered Multiple-Choice Questions, Conceptual Questions, and Problems A.52 APPENDIX C: Some Useful Tables A.19 Index I.1 APPENDIX D: SI Units A.21 iv Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. sseerr6622006600__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd iivv 1111//1177//1100 88::5511 AAMM
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