college of veterinary science & animal husbandry

174 Pages·2017·7.17 MB·English

B
e
h
e Age-specific Gross Morphometrical and
r
a
,M
Histomorphological Changes in Long Leg Bones
. 2
0
1
6 of Post-hatch Broiler Chickens with Special
‘
A
g
e Reference to Growth Cartilage
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
G MINATI BEHERA
r
o
s Adm. No. 02 VAN / 14
s
M
o
r
p
h
o
m
e
tr
i
ca
Spal
en
cd
ia H
l
Ris
t
eo
fem
ro
enrp
ceh
o
tolo
Gg
i
rc
oa
wl
C
t
hh
Ca
n
ag
re
tilains DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY
ge L
o
n ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
g
L
e
g
B COLLEGE OF VETERINARY
o
n
es SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

o
f
P
o
st ORISSA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
-
H
a
t AND TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR
c
h
B
r
o 2016
i
l
e
r
C
h
i
c
k
e
n
s

w
i
t
h
Age-specific Gross Morphometrical and
Histomorphological Changes in Long Leg Bones
of Post-hatch Broiler Chickens with Special
Reference to Growth Cartilage

A
THESIS SUBMITTED TO
ORISSA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY,
BHUBANESWAR
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
IN
VETERINARY ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY

by
Minati Behera
Adm.No.-02VAN/14

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY
AND HISTOLOGY
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
ORISSA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND
TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR
2016
ORISSA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry

Dr. Arun Kumar Mandal, Ph.D. Bhubaneswar
Associate Professor Date:

CERTIFICATE - I
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Age-Specific Gross
Morphometrical and Histomorphological Changes in Long Leg Bones of
Post-Hatch Broiler Chickens with Special Reference to Growth Cartilage’’
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Master of Veterinary Science in the subject of Veterinary Anatomy and
Histology, to the Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,
Bhubaneswar is a faithful record of bona fide and original research work
carried out by Minati Behera under my guidance and supervision. No part of
this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
It is further certified that the assistance and help received by her from
various sources during the course of investigation has been duly acknowledged.

CHAIRMAN
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
CERTIFICATE – II

This is to certify that the thesis entitled ‘‘Age-specific Gross
Morphometrical and Histomorphological Changes in Long Leg Bones of
Post-hatch Broiler Chickens with Special Reference to Growth Cartilage’’
submitted by Minati Behera to the Orissa University of Agriculture and
Technology, Bhubaneswar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Veterinary Science (Anatomy and Histology) has been
approved/disapproved by the student’s advisory committee and the external
examiner.

Advisory Committee
Chairman:
Dr. Arun Kumar Mandal
___________________
Associate Professor,

Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology

Members:
1. Dr. U.K. Mishra ___________________
Associate Professor and Head,
Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology
2. Dr. A.K. Kundu ___________________
Professor and Head,
Dept. of Veterinary Physiology
3. Dr. A. Maity ___________________
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Veterinary Biochemistry

4. Dr. S. Sathapathy ___________________
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology

External Examiner
(Name & Designation)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Blessed are those who can give without remembering and take without forgetting.
Elizabeth Asquith Bibesco.
The perspicuous piece of acknowledgement provides me the opportunity to express
my heartfelt regards and gratitude towards all those who always stand by me through the ups
and downs of this itinerary and whose help is indispensable for the completion of this
manuscript.
I would like to avail this golden opportunity in life to express my heartfelt regards
and deepest sense of gratitude and indebtedness from the core of my heart to the Honourable
Chairman of my Advisory Committee Dr. Arun Kumar Mandal, Associate Professor.
Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal
Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar for his adroit
supervision, pertinent suggestions, intellectual guidance, consistent inspiration &
encouragement, constructive criticism & discussion, valuable suggestions, affectionate
attitude and advice that helped me at every step of my research work. His innovative ideas,
meticulous nature and close monitoring of the research work, the manuscript with perfection.
My sense of obligation is negligible and unquantifiable in respect of his energy and time spent
on this endeavour. It was a life time opportunity to work with him, to know about an
experimental man in work and to gather valuable knowledge and experience, suggestions
during the course of my investigation. It is my golden opportunity to have him as the
Chairman of my Advisory committee.
I am greatly beholden beyond words to express my deep sense of obligation and
gratefulness to my respected Dr. Uma Kanta Mishra, Associate Professor & Head cum
Member of Advisory Committee, Department of Anatomy and Histology for his skillful
guidance enlightened views, inspiring attitude and valuable suggestions and making timely
arrangements for supply of necessary chemicals, instruments and above all keeping full faith
on me during my entire period of research work and keen interest during the entire course of
my present study to bring this manuscript into its present existence. It is the matter of great
pride to work under the dynamic guidance of an able and affectionate academician of his
calibre.
I gratefully articulate my sincere gratification and obligation to the member of the
Advisory Committee Dr. A.K. Kundu. Professor and Head. Department of Veterinary
Physiology for his valuable advice, constant encouragement and requisite help during the
entire course of this research work.
I take privilege at expressing my gratefulness to Dr. A. Maity, Assistant Professor.
Department of Biochemistry for providing co-operation, encouragement during the course of
research work. I duly acknowledge the Laboratory facilities extended by him. His guidance
and critical analysis of my Laboratory work have helped me a lot and it is my golden chance
to have him as the member of my Advisory committee.
I wish to acknowledge the invaluable help and co-operation extended by Dr. Srinivas
Sathapathy, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy and Histology. I thank him for his
kind words, immense patronage and encouragement and untired help in the study period and
it is my golden chance of my life to have him as the member of Advisory committee.
It is my pleasure to express my deepest sense of regards to Dr. R K Das Professor,
Department of Anatomy and Histology cum Director, Agro Polytechnic, OUAT,
Bhubaneswar, for his valuable suggestions, moral encouragement and inspiration in each and
every step of my research work.
I feel previleged to express my heartiest gratefulness to Dr.(Mrs) Ritun Patra and
Dr.(Miss) Sagarika Dehury, Assistant Professor. Department of Anatomy and Histology for
their kind support at each and every step of my need.
It is a unique opportunity to express my sincere and dear sense of indebtedness thanks
for Dr. Niranjan Sahoo, Professor and Head. Department of Preventive Medicine for his
kind words, necessary guidance and providing timely co-operation as and when required. His
help and advice is always invaluable.
I take privilege of expressing gratitude to Dr. Sushant Kumar Dash, Associate
Professor, for his concern and magnanimity in providing timely co-operation in all my
statistical formulation.
I owe my heartiest gratefulness to Dr. Kamadev Sethi, Assistant Professor,
Department of Animal Nuitrition for providing co-operation and encouragement during the
course of my research work.
I also pay my deep regards to Dr. R.C. Patra, The Dean, College of Veterinary
Science and Animal Husbandry for his generous attitude in providing necessary facilities for
carrying out the research work.
I am greatly beholden beyond words to express my sincere and deepest sense of
gratitude and indebtedness from the core of my heart to my Honourable Commissioner
cum Secretary, Government of Orissa, Shri Bishnupada Sethi Sir, IAS for allowing me to
prosecute higher studies in the only institute of our beloved state as a study leave candidate.
I gratefully articulate my sincere gratification and obligation to my Respected
Director, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Odisha, Cuttack for allowing me to
prosecute M V Sc study in OUAT , Bhubaneswar.
It is my great pleasure as well as a golden opportunity to express my deepest sense of
heartfelt regards and gratitude to Dr. R. K. Sahoo, CDVO, Dhenkanal, Dr. S.K.Sahoo,
ADVO, Dhenkanal, Dr. N.C. Rath, SDVO, Hindol and Dr. S.K.Nanda, VAS for allowing
me to prosecute MVSc study in this noble institute. Their kind co-operation, moral
encouragement, inspiring attitude, skillful guidance, valuable suggestion and requisite help as
and when required are really admirable. Their help and advice is always invaluable.
I express my obligation to Sri A. K. Punja, General Manager, Eastern Hatchery,
Bhubaneswar for providing the Vencob broiler chicks for my research work. I am very much
thankful to him.
Anything said will be less to Mrs. Sabita Sahu, Laboratory Assistant who provided
me the whole hearted support throughout my PG course and will be remembered forever. I
am very much thankful to Sri Sanjeeb Kumar Das, Laboratory Technician for his timely
suggestions and co-operation as and when required.
I duly acknowledge to the help and cooperation provided by the non-teaching staffs of
the department Ajaya bhaina, Kashi bhaina and Golekh bhaina who helped me in handling
the huge research work. They cooperated me for rearing of chicks upto the last part of the
period of my investigation.
I express my sincere appreciation and deep love to my lovely friends Sasmita, Sarita,
Narmada, Vineela. I also acknowledge the lovely cheerful cooperation from my younger
brothers Kuldeep, Chinmaya, Santosh.
I solicit the benediction of my parents Sri. Bipin Behari Behera and Mrs. Ramarani
Behera for my progress and prosperity. My parents prayer and pious advice kept all
negativity and failures in bay. I respect the abundant love and shower of blessings of my
sisters and relatives. I find acknowledgement inadequate to quantify the sacrifices, love
affection and constant confidence instilled in me by them and my gratitude are beyond words.
The author is very much thankful to Sri Hemant Kumar Sahu, Auro X ray
Diagnostic,Forest Park for taking X-Ray film during the course of my research work.
The author is also thankful to Ali Bhai, The Creations, Siripur for their co-operation for
preparing this manuscript in time.
It’s not possible to take everybody name if someone is forgotten, I am highly thankful
to them either they help me directly or indirectly.
Last but not the least I bow down before ALMIGHTY LORD JAGANNATH whose
eternal blessing could help me to pass over all the obstacles and enable me to complete this
investigation at Bhubaneswar.

Bhubaneswar
Date: (Minati Behera)
ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted on forty five (45) ‘Vencob’ day old broiler chicks
which were reared up to day 42 (market age). The gross morphometrical, radiographical
and histomorphological studies were carried out on the long leg bones (femur, tibiotarsus
and tarsometatarsus) and associated growth cartilages in broiler chickens at different ages
(on days 1,7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42). Simultaneous measurement of body weight and
biochemical evaluation of serum and bone Ca and P level was also done at weekly
interval. The average weight of the bones in day old male and female chicks gradually
increased on day 7, followed by a marked increase from day 14 up to day 42. There was
simultaneous increase in length of the bones in both male and female birds throughout the
experimental period. The thickness of marrow cavity and cortical bone gradually increased
with age of the broiler birds. The diameter (width) of all the bones in broiler birds showed
a steep increase from day 7 up to day 21 and a steady increase thereafter till day 42. The
proximal and distal end widened more than the mid shaft and the distal end is the widest.
The growth of the gross dimensions of the bones slowed down a bit towards the end of the
experiment (days 35 and 42). Though initially mid shaft cortical bone was thinner than
epiphyseal ends, it gradually became thicker from day 21 (in femur and tarsometatarsus) or
from day 28 (in tibiotarsus) till day 42. The gross anatomical observation did not reveal the
presence of growth plates in all day old chicks. But radiographical and histomorphological
study confirmed the presence of both proximal as well as distal growth plates in all these
three bones from day 1 till day 42, the latter one being more authentic. In femur presence
of growth plates are reported for the first time. Histology of growth plates revealed five
histological zones, i.e. resting or reserve zone, zone of proliferation, zone of
prehypertrophy, zone of hypertrophy and degeneration, and zone of ossification (bone
formation) from epiphyseal towards diaphyseal or metaphyseal end. Secondary centre of
ossification in broiler chicken appeared in the epiphyseal ends of tibiotarsus and
tarsometatarsus (but not in femur) on day 21. There was sparse amount of matrix and
connective tissue elements (collagen) in growth cartilage. There was variable PAS and
alcian blue reactivity of matrix (with predominance of alcianophilia) in different zones of
growth cartilage in all the bones. Different histological zones of growth cartilage exhibited
age and sex related variation in thickness as well as chondrocyte diameter (size). The
compact bone tissue of the bones in the broiler birds of both sexes revealed a common
histoarchitecture in a particular age. Each osteon or Haversian system consisted of 1- 4
concentric lamellae or layers of bone matrix around the central osteonal or Haversian
canal. The shape and size of these canals and osteons varied with age of the birds. The
cortical bone appears relatively porous and is made up of interlacing woven bone
resembling a network like pattern in younger birds, which is gradually transformed into a
compact mass subsequently. The average serum Ca and P levels in plasma and bone (%) in
broiler birds gradually increased with age. The ratio between serum Ca and P level (Ca: P)
and bone Ca and P percentage remains almost constant during the growing period of the
broiler chickens to maintain a proper balance for adequate mineralization of bones.
CONTENTS
Chapter Particulars Page No
No
1 Introduction 1-5
2 Review of Literature 6-34
2.1 Skeletal or Leg problems (deformities) and 6
animal welfare in broiler chickens
2.2 Gross morphometrical study 10
2. 3Radiographical study 14
2.4 Histomorphological study 16
2.4.1 Normal Growth plate (cartilage) structure 16
2.4.2 Growth plate (cartilage) abnormality 23
2.4.3 Bone structure and its alteration 27
2.5 Biochemical study 29
2.5.1 Blood calcium and phosphorus level 29
2.5.2 Bone calcium and phosphorus content 32
(Bone ash)
3 Materials and Methods 35 -39
3.1 Preamble 35
3.2 Experimental Design 35
3.3 Collection of Specimen 35
3.4 Gross Morphometrical Study 36
3.5 Radiographical Study 36
3.6 Histomorphological Study 37
3.7 Biochemical Study 38
3.8 Statistical Analysis 39
4 Results 40-60
4.1 Gross Morphometrical Observations 40
4.2 Gross Morphometrical Study of Leg Bones 40
a) Femur 40