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Collectors, scholars, and forgers in the ancient world : object lessons PDF

305 Pages·2017·14.848 MB·English
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COLLECTORS, SCHOLARS, AND FORGERS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD Collectors, Scholars, and Forgers in the Ancient World Object Lessons CAROLYN HIGBIE 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©CarolynHigbie2017 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2017 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016942734 ISBN 978–0–19–875930–0 PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. To the musicians in my life— Timothy, Elspeth, and Alisdair Joe Corral Laura Grube Robbie Hausmann Joan Huffer Sue Keeling Bill Larsen Erik Mueller-Harder Charles J. Smith Max Zelikman Acknowledgements I am grateful to family, friends, colleagues, and institutions for the helpthattheyhavegivenmeoverthemanyyearsithastakenmeto complete this book. Colleagues in the University at Buffalo Classics Department made bibliographical suggestions and offered ideas that have improved my work. Zachariah J. Mandell agreed to be my research assistant in the final stages of the project and his cheerful effortsandhisenthusiasmhelpedmetofinishthework.DavideSalvo cheerfully corresponded with Italian museums on my behalf. Emilie Redwood read through the manuscript one summer and offered suggestions. GregNagywasawonderfulseniorcolleaguetomeduringtheyears IwasatHarvardandhehascontinuedtobeagenerousfriend. Adrienne Mayor, Bill Willers, Carol Mattusch, and Peter Van Alfen all responded generously to e-mail pleas for help from me, a strangertothem.Iamgratefulfortheirwillingnesstoassistme.Bob andJaneBazemorehelpedtoproofreadthebook—thankyou. TheUniversityatBuffaloCollegeofArtsandSciencesgrantedme leavetimetospendayearattheNationalHumanitiesCenter,where IwassupportedbytheRobertF.andMargaretS.GoheenFellowship (2003–4). In2011I enjoyedafellowship attheUniversityat Buffalo HumanitiesInstitute. Hilary O’Shea at Oxford University Press encouraged me to explore this topic. Since she retired, Charlotte Loveridge, Georgina Leighton,andtheircolleaguesatOxfordUniversityPresshavetrans- formed the manuscript into a book. I am very grateful to Manuela Tecusanforhercarefuleditingofmywork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,11/1/2017,SPi Table of Contents ListofIllustrations xi ANoteonAbbreviations xvii Introduction 1 Ayear(andmore)ofcollecting,scholarship,andfakes 1 Thelonginterestinforgery 2 Myownapproachtothestudyofforgery 6 Definitionsofforgery 11 1. Collectors,Collecting,andCollections 21 Anintroductiontoancientcollectingandcollections 25 Foreigncollectors:Croesus 32 Foreigncollectors:Xerxes 35 Greekcollectors:oracles,writing,andforgery 38 Aristotle 44 AlexandertheGreat 46 CollectorsintheHellenisticera 52 Romancollectors 57 Collecting,scholarship,andforgery 75 2. VisualForgeries 79 Introduction 82 Signatures 85 Connoisseurship 98 Famousnamesandtheartworkofthepast 101 Romancollectors:originalsandcopies 110 Thedevelopmentalviewofart 118 Forgeryandforgeries 125 3. TextualForgeries 132 Therelicsofpoets 137 Autographmanuscripts 143 Education,literaryplay,analysis,andforgery 147 Theeffectsofdisseminatingtexts 155 Forgery,authentication,anderudition 160 Documentaryforgeries 164

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