Collective courage : a history of African American cooperative economic thought and practice PDF
Preview Collective courage : a history of African American cooperative economic thought and practice
jessica gordon nembhard c o l l e c t i v e c o u r a g e a history of african american cooperative economic thought and practice COLLECTIVE COURAGE 1188551177--GGoorrddoonn__CCoolllleeccttiivveeCCoouurraaggee..iinndddd ii 22//2277//1144 22::4411 PPMM 1188551177--GGoorrddoonn__CCoolllleeccttiivveeCCoouurraaggee..iinndddd iiii 22//2277//1144 22::4411 PPMM jessica gordon nembhard COLLECTIVE COURAGE A HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN COOPERATIVE ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND PRACTICE the pennsylvania state university press university park, pennsylvania 1188551177--GGoorrddoonn__CCoolllleeccttiivveeCCoouurraaggee..iinndddd iiiiii 22//2277//1144 22::4411 PPMM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gordon Nembhard, Jessica, 1956– , author. Collective courage : a history of African American cooperative economic thought and practice / Jessica Gordon Nembhard. p. cm Summary: “Chronicles the achievements and challenges of African American collective economic action and social entrepreneurship in the struggle for civil rights and economic equality”—Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-271-06216-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. African Americans—Economic conditions. 2. Cooperative societies—United States—History. 3. Cooperation—United States—History. I. Title. E185.8.G674 2014 330.90089'96073—dc23 2013042173 Copyright © 2014 Th e Pennsylvania State University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by Th e Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802-1003 Th e Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of American University Presses. It is the policy of Th e Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Material, ANSI Z39.48–1992. Th is book is printed on paper that contains 30% post-consumer waste. 1188551177--GGoorrddoonn__CCoolllleeccttiivveeCCoouurraaggee..iinndddd iivv 22//2277//1144 22::4411 PPMM To Curtis Haynes Jr. for vision, pioneering work, collegiality, and friendship. He asked some of the original questions and planted the seed. And to my children, Stephen Milete A. Nembhard and Susan Rosa A. Gordon Nembhard, for being genuinely interested, embracing the vision, and yet again allowing me to be so distracted. Susan Rosa, also, for designing several versions of a cover for this book. 1188551177--GGoorrddoonn__CCoolllleeccttiivveeCCoouurraaggee..iinndddd vv 22//2277//1144 22::4411 PPMM 1188551177--GGoorrddoonn__CCoolllleeccttiivveeCCoouurraaggee..iinndddd vvii 22//2277//1144 22::4411 PPMM Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: A Continuous and Hidden History of Economic Defense and Collective Well-Being 1 part i: early african american cooperative roots 27 1 Early Black Economic Cooperation: Intentional Communities, Communes, and Mutual Aid 31 2 From Economic Independence to Political Advocacy: Cooperation and the Nineteenth-Century Black Populist Movement 48 3 Expanding the Tradition: Early African American–Owned “Cooperative” Businesses 60 part ii: deliberative cooperative economic development 79 4 Strategy, Advocacy, and Practice: Black Study Circles and Co-op Education on the Front Lines 85 5 Th e Young Negroes’ Co-operative League 112 6 Out of Necessity: Th e Great Depression and “Consumers’ Cooperation Among Negroes” 126 7 Continuing the Legacy: Nannie Helen Burroughs, Halena Wilson, and the Role of Black Women 148 8 Black Rural Cooperative Activity in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century 172 1188551177--GGoorrddoonn__CCoolllleeccttiivveeCCoouurraaggee..iinndddd vviiii 22//2277//1144 22::4411 PPMM viii contents part iii: twentieth-century practices, twenty-first-century solutions 189 9 Th e Federation of Southern Cooperatives: Th e Legacy Lives On 193 10 Economic Solidarity in the African American Cooperative Movement: Connections, Cohesiveness, and Leadership Development 213 Time Line of African American Cooperative History, 1780–2012: Selected Events 239 Notes 251 References 263 Index 303 1188551177--GGoorrddoonn__CCoolllleeccttiivveeCCoouurraaggee..iinndddd vviiiiii 22//2277//1144 22::4411 PPMM Acknowledgments Th is has been more than a ten-year project and has taken up much of my academic career. Th erefore, almost everyone in my life has had to hear about the book or wait on me while I reedited or submitted yet another ver- sion. Most of the public presentations I have made have been about the book, so many audiences have listened patiently as I talked about the proj- ect. Many people have expressed kind interest in this book, and I’ve received several off ers of book parties. So there are many people to thank. If I have forgotten anyone, please blame it on aging and overwork, and not on inten- tional oversight. Th is has been a cooperative eff ort. Heartfelt thanks—for faith and friendship and for always believing that the book would be fi nished and would be great—go out to many people in my life, especially the following: j. jerome hughes (“How can I help to make sure the book gets done?”)—for myriad small and large gestures and tasks, free research assistance, and edito- rial advice. dominic moulden—for moral support and for reading the entire manu- script at least once! ajowa nzinga ifateyo—for always providing information and insight, sup- port, and especially ideas for promotion and dissemination. curtis haynes—for inspiring me to ask the question, for eternal intellectual inquiry, and for modeling the praxis. moussa walker foster—for faith, genuine interest, research, and editing. tom pierson—for adding my interests to yours and always sharing your great research. 1188551177--GGoorrddoonn__CCoolllleeccttiivveeCCoouurraaggee..iinndddd iixx 22//2277//1144 22::4411 PPMM
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