Cold War Exiles And The CIA: Plotting To Free Russia

348 Pages·2019·2 MB·English

by  Benjamin Tromly

Cold War Exiles and the CIA

Cold War Exiles
and the CIA
Plotting to Free Russia
BENJAMIN TROMLY
1
3
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ForMaximandSasha,withloveandpride.

Acknowledgments
This bookhas been made possiblethrough the help of many kind,helpful,and
intellectuallystimulating people.I owe my gratitude to severalpeoplewhohave
offered feedback on different parts of the manuscript in different phases of
development:OlegBeyda,KatharineEtsell,NormanJ.W.Goda,JohannaGran-
’
ville,Anne-ChristineHamel,JohnLear,SimoMikkonen,Igor Petrov,PerAnders
Rudling,andNinaTumarkin.EditorsatandanonymousreviewsforContempor-
aryEuropeanHistory,IntelligenceandNationalSecurity,andJournalofColdWar
fi
Studiesprovidedusefulcommentsonpartsofthetextthatwere rstpublishedin
fi
articleform.Ihavealsobene ttedgreatlyfromthecommentsofferedandques-
tionsposedbyscholarsatthedifferentvenuesatwhichIhavepresentedworkfrom
theproject:theCenterforEuropeanStudiesatLundUniversity;theEastEuropean
HistorySeminarat theInstituteforHistoricalSciencesat HumboldtUniversity,
Berlin; the Ellison Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies at
UniversityofWashington;theHarrimanInstituteforRussian,EurasianandEast
European Studies, Columbia University; the Kennan Institute at the Woodrow
WilsonCenter;andtheResearchCenterforEastEuropeanStudiesatUniversityof
fl
Bremen.Ofcourse, awsinthetextaremyresponsibilityalone.
Ialsothankthemanypeoplewhohaveofferedsupportandadviceofvarious
fi
kinds, without which this book would not have taken shape. I have bene tted
fromtheeffortsofseveralarchivistswhohaveansweredqueriesandofferedkind
assistance, especially Tanya Chebotarev at Columbia University Rare Book and
ManuscriptLibrary,ChristianDellitattheFederalCommissionfortheRecordsof
the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic, Maria
Klassen at the Archive of the ResearchCenter for East European Studiesat the
UniversityofBremen,LisetteMatanoatGeorgetownUniversityArchives,Anatol
Shmelev at the HooverInstitution,and Kathy Shoemaker at the Stuart A. Rose
Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library at Emory University. Gelinada
Grinchenko, Eleonora Narvselius, Benjamin Nathans, Matthew Rojansky,
Susanne Schattenberg, and Olga Sveshnikova were supportive of my project
and helped make research on it possible. Catherine Andreyev, Richard Cum-
mings,AnnaHolian,A.RossJohnson,AndreiPopov,JoshuaSanbornandPavel
Tribunskiihavehelpedmewithlocatingoracquiringsources.IthankColumbia
University Libraries, Gerda Henkel Stiftung, and University of Puget Sound for
providingfundingforresearchtripsrelatedtotheproject.Lastbutcertainlynot
least, I would like to thank my colleagues and students at University of Puget
Sound,whohavebeensupportiveofmyresearch.

viii
Myfamilyhasbeenincrediblysupportiveduringworkonthisproject.Katya,
Maxim,and Sasha have beenmy constant inspiration,and they have beenkind
enoughtoletmedescendtothebasementtowritethisbook.Myparents,Fredand
Annette,havemyloveandlimitlessgratitudeforreadingthroughmymanuscript
with pen in hand. Much love goesto Luke,Stephanie,and Henry in Winnipeg;
AlekseiNikolaevichand Zinaida Iakovlevna in St. Petersburg; Dirk-Jan, Masha,
andMateoinAmsterdam;andmyotherwonderfulfamilyindifferentlocales.
“
Chapter 3 of this book appeared in slightly different form as Reinventing
”
Collaboration: The Vlasov Movement in the Postwar Russian Emigration, in
EleonoraNarvseliusandGelinadaGrinchenko(eds.),Traitors,Collaboratorsand
Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory: Formulas of Betrayal
“
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017). Part of Chapter 4 appears as Émigré
Politics and the Cold War: The National Labor Alliance (NTS), United States
IntelligenceAgenciesandPost-WarEurope”,inContemporaryEuropeanHistory
“
(publishedonlineinJanuary2019).AversionofChapter7waspublishedas The
MakingofaMyth:TheNationalLaborAlliance,RussianÉmigrés,andColdWar
Intelligence Activities,” Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 1 (2016): 80–111.
“
Chapter 9 is based on Ambivalent Heroes: Russian Defectors and American
Power in the Early Cold War,” Intelligence and National Security 33, no. 5
–
(2018):642 58.
Contents
LiosFfti gures xi
LiosAftb braetviions xiii
NotoenT ransliatnRedusr saitNaianom nes xvii
Introduction
PARTI .T HEM ANY FACEOSF R USSIAN
ANTIC-OMMUNISM
1.AF isNsatiiloeCn oamlum niThteyP :o liWtoircolafdl
RussEimaing res 23
2."AP oliMtaizBceaa sloe ntd h Seh iftSianngdT sh"Ve:l asov
Movemaenntdth G ee hOlregna naitziionpno stGwearrm any 48
3.SociaalniVdsl tass oWvaiMrte esm:o raineadTs r oubled
Cross-CoEnntcionuennttearl 72
PARTI IT.H ET RANSNATIOQNUAELS T
FORR USSILAINB ERATION
4.AmeriVciasnia onnEdsm igre ReAamleirtiPicarenos j:e cTthe
toU nitfyh Reu ssiEaxni les 95
5.BuiladneDdri ss seEcmtiogUrrnsei: fi caanttdih oen
RussQiuaens tion 121
6.RelucCtheaiftnatiT nhAess :c endoaftn hAceme e rican
CommiftotLrei ebe raftrioBomon l shevism 144
PARTI llT.H EC IAOP ERATIONAFLR ONT
7.FroRme voltuoPt rioovnoc aTthiNeoT nS: anCdo vCeIrA t
Operations 169
8.SpiSese,ax n,Bd a llEoomnisgr:Ae c tiviiDnti iveeidBsd e rlin 192
9.ThReea lA nti-RSuossviiaSenotsv D?ie efte catntodhr es
ColWda r 217
X CONTENTS
PARTI V.T HEE NDO FT HEA FFAITRH:E D ECLINE
OFE MIGRAEN TI-COMMUNISM
10".AWlilBl elF orgiTvheSeno "vC:ia emtp afoirRg ent utron
thHeo meland 243
11U.nrelAilalbTilheGeese :r mCarunc iabnlRdeu ssian
Anti-Communism
266
Conclusion
289
Bibliography 301
Index 321