Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: A Collection of Studies and Documents

611 Pages·2010·6.888 MB·English

by  A. Ross Johnson, R. Eugene Parta

C O L D W A R
Table of Contents
Prefacebytheeditors
ForewordbyTimothyGartonAsh
IntroductionbyA.RossJohnson
PART1:GOALSOFTHEBROADCASTS
ExaminestheroleofWesternbroadcastingto “Itwasnotamatterofpropaganda…blackandwhiteideologicalbroad- Ed ImC BROADCASTING CChhaapptteerr12::RGFoEal’ssoEfarRlyadYieoaLrsibPearutylBG.eHneenSzoesin
i
theSovietUnionandEasternEuropeduring casts…Whatmade[RadioFreeEurope]importantwereitsimpartiality, ted pO Chapter3:TheVoiceofAmericaAlanL.HeilJr.
the Cold War, with a focus on Radio Free
independence,andobjectivity.” b a PART2:JAMMINGANDAUDIENCES
Europe and Radio Liberty. It includes chap- y cL Chapter4:ColdWarRadioJammingGeorgeW.
ters by radio veterans and by scholars who Václav Havel A. t Woodard
R oD Chapter 5: The Audience to Western Broadcasts
have conducted research on the subject in o
s n totheUSSRDuringtheColdWarR.EugeneParta
once-secretSovietblocarchivesandinWest- “RadioFreeEuropeandRadioLibertywerecriticallyimportantweapons s Chapter6:TheForeignRadioAudienceintheUSSR
J
ern records. It also contains a selection of in the free world’s competition with Soviet totalitarianism—and without oh thW DuringtheColdWarElenaI.Bashkirova
n Chapter7:TheAudiencetoWesternBroadcasts
translateddocumentsfromformerlysecret them the Soviet bloc might even have not disintegrated … The account s e toPolandDuringtheColdWarLechos³awGawli-
o
SovietandEastEuropeanarchives,mostof n SA kowski(withYvetteNeisserMoreno)
in this book of their activities is therefore not only informative, but
thempublishedhereforthefirsttime. a o
criticaltounderstandingrecenthistory.” nd vR Part 3: IMPACT OF WESTERN BROADCASTS IN
EASTERNEUROPE
R i
Zbigniew Brzezinski . e Chapter 8: Radio Free Europe in the Eyes of the
E
u tB PolishCommunistEliteJaneLeftwichCurry
AbouttheEditors g Chapter9:PolishRegimeCountermeasuresagainst
e U
“ThestudiesandtranslatedSovietblocdocumentspublishedinthisbook n R RadioFreeEuropePawe³Machcewicz
A.RossJohnson,formerdirectorofRFEand e n Chapter10:RadioFreeEurope’sImpactinRoma-
demonstrate the enormous impact of Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, P i
a oO niaDuringtheColdWarNestorRatesh
theRFE/RLResearchInstitute.Researchfellow and Voice of America during the Cold War. By promoting democratic rt n Chapter11: Ceauºescu’s War against Our Ears
at the Hoover Institution and senior scholar a A GerminaNagat
attheWoodrowWilsonInternationalCenter values and undermining the monopoly of information on which Com- Fo A a Chapter 12: Just Noise? Impact of Radio Free
forScholars. munist regimes relied, the Radios contributed greatly to the end of the re Co nD EuropeinHungaryIstvánRév
w lle d Chapter 13: Bulgarian Regime Countermeasures
R.EugeneParta,formerdirectorofSovietArea ColdWar.” o c againstRadioFreeEuropeJordanBaev
Audience and Opinion Research at RFE/RL George P. Shultz rdb tion EaC Part4:IMPACTOFWESTERNBROADCASTSINTHE
andofMediaandOpinionResearchatthe y of sA USSR
RFE/RLResearchInstitute. “RdIFivkEind/RoeLdwtionotfhonetlopwocotrhoeeaprtpemotsahinsesgEmcuaermodpipaeso.i”nrgwanhiizcahtiwone tlihvaetthoadsayd—onaeEmuroorpeethnaont TimothyG Studiesand ternESTI Impact on the cFCCCarhhrosiaatsnippentttsgieeerriArn,m11tah54inre::dW1FSot9oehr5viene0ieiesgHtrVnuRlaneMdagiecmadtriiiioraaTn,nostlzahtneo(wdSFitoCohvrzJeieeuicgtlihenWoCBseolrsorowtveaiardnnk-)
a D u Chapter16:WaterShapingtheRock:ColdWar
Elena Bonner rto ocu roN Soviet Union and BroadcastingImpactinLatviaPeterZvagulis
n m
A e pG Eastern Europe Part5:CONCLUSIONS
sh nts e Chapter17:ColdWarInternationalBroadcasting
andtheRoadtoDemocracyA.RossJohnsonand
R.EugeneParta
CentralEuropeanUniversityPress
978-963-9776-80-7 A Collection of Studies
90000> Part6:DOCUMENTSFROMEASTEUROPEANAND
Budapest – New York SOVIETARCHIVES
and Documents
Contributors
Sales and information: [email protected] Glossary
9789639 776807 90000> Edited by Index
Website: http://www.ceupress.com A. Ross Johnson and R. Eugene Parta
Foreword by Timothy Garton Ash
Cold War BroadCasting
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C o l d Wa r
B roa d C a s t i n g
Impact on the Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe
a ColleCtion of studies and doCuments
edited by
a. ross Johnson and r. eugene Parta
foreword by
timothy garton ash
Central european university Press
Budapest–new York
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©2010 by a. ross Johnson and r. eugene Parta

Published in 2010 by
Central european university press
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isBn 978-963-9776-80-7
library of Congress Cataloging-in-publiCation Data
Cold war broadcasting : impact on the soviet union and eastern europe : a collection of
studies and documents / edited by a. ross Johnson and r. eugene Parta.
p. cm.
includes bibliographical references and index.
isBn 978-9639776807 (hardbound)
1. radio free europe—History. 2. radio liberty—History. 3. Broadcasting—soviet
union—History. 4. Broadcasting—europe, eastern—History. i. Johnson, a. ross. ii.
Parta, r. eugene, 1940- iii. title.
He8697.45.e852C65 2010
384.540947’09045--dc22
2010011584
Printed in Hungary by
akadémiai nyomda, martonvásár
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table of Contents
Preface by the editors ..................................... xi
foreword by timothy garton ash ......................... xv
introduction by a. ross Johnson ........................... xix
Part 1: goals of tHe BroadCasts ................... 1
CHaPter 1: rfe’s early Years: evolution of Broadcast Policy
and evidence of Broadcast impact paul b. henze.............. 3
CHaPter 2: goals of radio liberty gene sosin ................ 17
CHaPter 3: the Voice of america: a Brief Cold War History
alan l. heil Jr. .......................................... 25
Part 2: Jamming and audienCes ..................... 49
CHaPter 4: Cold War radio Jamming george W. WooDarD ..... 51
Appendix A: types of Jamming ............................ 64
Appendix B: an example of a shortwave Broadcasting station
during the Cold War..................................... 65
CHaPter 5: the audience to Western Broadcasts to the ussr
during the Cold War: an external Perspective r. eugene parta.. 67
CHaPter 6: the foreign radio audience in the ussr during
the Cold War: an internal Perspective elena i. bashkirova ..... 103
CHaPter 7: the audience to Western Broadcasts to Poland
during the Cold War leChosłaW gaWlikoWski (with yvette
neisser moreno) ........................................ 121
Appendix C: Weekly listening rates for major Western
Broadcasters to Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, romania,
Bulgaria and the ussr during the Cold War ................. 142
v
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Part 3: imPaCt of Western BroadCasts in
eastern euroPe ..................................... 145
CHaPter 8: radio free europe in the eyes of the Polish
Communist elite Jane leftWiCh Curry ...................... 147
CHaPter 9: Polish regime Countermeasures against radio
free europe paWeł maChCeWiCz............................ 169
CHaPter 10: radio free europe’s impact in romania during
the Cold War nestor ratesh............................... 205
CHaPter 11: Ceauşescu’s War against our ears germina nagat.. 229
CHaPter 12: Just noise? impact of radio free europe in Hungary
istván rév .............................................. 239
CHaPter 13: Bulgarian regime Countermeasures against
radio free europe JorDan baev ............................ 259
Part 4: imPaCt of Western BroadCasts
in tHe ussr ........................................... 275
CHaPter 14: soviet reactions to foreign Broadcasting in the
1950s vlaDimir tolz (with Julie CorWin).................... 277
CHaPter 15: foreign media, the soviet Western frontier, and the
Hungarian and Czechoslovak Crises amir Weiner.............. 299
CHaPter 16: Water shaping the rock: Cold War Broadcasting
impact in latvia peter zvagulis............................ 319
Part 5: ConClusions ................................. 343
CHaPter 17: Cold War international Broadcasting and the road
to democracy a. ross Johnson and r. eugene parta.......... 345
Part 6: doCuments from east euroPean and
soViet arCHiVes ..................................... 351
i. regime Perceptions of Western Broadcasters ............... 355
Bulgaria
1: 1 977. interior ministry analysis of foreign Propaganda
against Bulgaria........................................ 357
2: 1 986. interior ministry report on the staff of the Bulgarian
service of rfe......................................... 362
3: 1 989. Bulgarian Politburo discussion on rfe monitoring
reports............................................... 364
vi
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german democratic republic
4: 1 970. stasi report on West german government’s attitude
to rfe and rl......................................... 366
Hungary
5: 1 973. report to Politburo and Politburo resolution on fight
against “imperialist Propaganda”.......................... 368
6: 1 978. Hungarian Central Committee discusses implementation
of 1973 resolution ..................................... 379
romania
7: 1 964. securitate reports on rfe’s encouragement of romanian
independence from ussr ............................... 391
Poland
8: 1 966. letter from army main Political administration to interior
minister on “Hostile” radio Propaganda ................... 394
9: 1 967. foreign intelligence report on rfe .................. 396
10: 1 976. analysis of Western radio “Propaganda” directed at
Poland................................................ 398
11: 1 976. analysis of Western radio Coverage of Kor (Committee
for the defense of the Workers)........................... 402
12: 1 983. Polish intelligence alleges rfe links to Cia.......... 405
13: 1 988. information Bulletin for Party leadership on Western
Views of Poland........................................ 407
ussr
14: 1 953. tass to CPsu on “anti-soviet Propaganda” of Voa
on death of lev mekhlis ................................ 409
15: 1 953. tass on radio liberation Broadcast to ussr military
in germany during June 1953 east german revolt........... 411
16: 1 953. transcript of Voa Broadcast Citing radio liberation
appeal to soviet military in germany ..................... 413
17: 1 966. gosteleradio review of tactics of foreign radio
Propaganda............................................ 415
18: 1 967. memo to Central Committee on Propaganda Conducted
by foreign radio stations in russian ...................... 425
19: 1 968. memo to Central Committee on Western radio
Propaganda against the ussr ............................ 431
20: 1 968. KgB report to Central Committee on rl Policy
guidelines ............................................ 433
ii. regime Countermeasures against Western Broadcasters ...... 439
soviet Bloc
21: 1 976. Bloc intelligence organs take Joint Countermeasures
against rfe and rl .................................... 441
vii
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22: 1 976. Bulgarian interior ministry account of meeting in
Prague................................................ 447
23: 1 978. Bulgarian gen. stoyanov meets KgB gen. Bobkov to
discuss rfe and rl.................................... 450
24: 1 979. Bulgarian and Czech interior ministries Plan to Cooperate
against foreign Propaganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
25: 1 980. statements by KgB Chairman and Polish and Czech
interior ministers during Bloc meeting on Western radio ..... 456
26: 1 981. minutes of meeting between Czechoslovak and Hungarian
interior ministry officials on the Carlos terrorist group and
rfe Bomb attack...................................... 462
27: 1 985. Bulgarian interior minister Visits moscow to Coordinate
activities against foreign Propaganda operations............ 467
Bulgaria
28: 1 977. Bulgaria gets Help from KgB to fight “ideological
subversion” ........................................... 469
29: 1 979. Bulgarian Cooperation with KgB against “subversive
Centers” .............................................. 472
30: 1 979. interior ministry note on actions against Western
radio ................................................ 474
Czechoslovakia
31: 1 956. Politburo resolution on Plan to Counter “reactionary”
exiles ................................................ 476
32: 1 975. interior ministry note on actions of agent minařik
against rfe ........................................... 480
33: 1 969. report to CPsu Central Committee on Visit of Czech
delegation to discuss Countering enemy Propaganda in
Czechoslovakia ........................................ 483
Hungary
34: 1 963. report to Politburo on Jamming of Western radio ...... 487
35: 1 963. minutes of Politburo meeting on Jamming of Western
radio ................................................ 494
Poland
36: 1 953. Polish Proposal for Bloc-wide Coordination of Jamming. 501
37: 1 953. interior ministry report on intercepted letters sent to
rfe Cover addresses................................... 504
38: 1 972. gierek Calls for offensive action against “Centers of
subversion” ........................................... 506
39: 1 983. rfe linked to Cia at trial in absentia of Zdzisław
najder................................................ 509
40: 1 983. military Court Passes death sentence on Zdzisław
najder................................................ 511
viii
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41: 1 984. Central Committee analysis of Western Propaganda and
recommended Countermeasures.......................... 513
42: 1 985. interior ministry report on information leaked to rfe
on Catholic Church..................................... 518
ussr
43: 1 951. report on Western Broadcasts to Poland and Council of
ministers decree on Jamming the Broadcasts ............... 520
44: 1 957. letter to Khrushchev from radio moscow german-
language service urging Creation of Warsaw Pact radio
station analogous to rfe ............................... 528
45: 1 958. report to Central Committee about Press Conference on
“subversive activities” of Western radios ................. 531
46: 1 959. KgB report on uneven Quality of Jamming of Western
Broadcasts ............................................ 533
47: 1 960. Central Committee analysis of Western radio
Propaganda, decree to Combat it, and implementation
responses from latvia, estonia and uzbekistan ............. 537
48: 1 963. minutes of Presidium meeting on restricting soviet
shortwave receivers.................................... 552
49: 1 965. memo to CC CPsu from turkmen CC on extending
turkmen foreign Broadcasting ........................... 555
50: 1 971. report by KgB Chairman andropov on rfe and rl ... 557
51: 1 986. memo to Central Committee from Politburo members
ligachev and Chebrikov on Jamming of Western radio
stations............................................... 560
Contributors ............................................. 563
glossary ................................................ 565
index ................................................... 569
ix
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