Colchester, Fortress of the War God: an Archaeological Assessment PDF
Preview Colchester, Fortress of the War God: an Archaeological Assessment
Published by oxbow Books, oxford, UK © oxbow Books, english heritage and the individual authors, 2013 ISBN 978-1-84217-508-8 EPUB ISBN: 978-1-78297-075-0 PRC ISBN: 978-1-78297-076-7 Cover image: A view across the late Iron Age defences at sheepen, Colchester c AD 25 (© Peter Froste. All rights reserved, DACs 2013) This book is available direct from: oxbow Books, oxford, UK (Phone: 01865-241249; Fax: 01865-794449) and The David Brown Book Company Po Box 511, oakville, Ct 06779, UsA (Phone: 860-945-9329; Fax: 860-945-9468) or from our website www.oxbowbooks.com A CIP record of this book is available from the British library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gascoyne, Adrian. An assessment of the archaeology of Colchester : fortress of the war god / by Adrian Gascoyne and David radford ; with contributions from Philip Crummy, Nina Crummy, rosalind Niblett, Dave stenning, steve Benfield, Peter Murphy and Andrew Phillips ; edited by Philip J. Wise. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84217-508-8 1. Colchester (england)--Antiquities. 2. excavations (Archaeology)--england--Colchester. I. radford, David. II. Wise, Philip J., editor. III. title. DA690.C7G37 2013 942.6'72301--dc23 2012044282 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Berforts Information Press ltd, eynsham, oxfordshire It is a beautiful, populous, and pleasant place, extended on the brow of an hill from west to east, and surrounded with walls, and adorned with fifteen churches… In the middle of the city, stands a castle ready to drop with age… William Camden 1586 (Britannia, 4th edn, 1772, p 356) May I venture, Sir, to take this opportunity of calling the attention of the Town Council of Colchester to the general state of the more important ancient remains which render your town so attractive to the antiquary and to the historian? Some of them, for instance, the Town Walls and the Castle, might be increased in interest by excavations judiciously conducted. A small grant of money, placed under the control of one or two of the many active and intelligent antiquarians of the locality, would but be productive of discoveries, which, while they would especially gratify the archaeologist, would doubtless be advantageous to the town at large, and increase its prosperity. Charles Roach Smith (Gentleman’s Magazine, January 1854, pp 70–1) Contents List of illustrations (figures and tables) Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations Summary Résumé Zusammenfassung I NTRODUCTION 1 T C HE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN OLCHESTER The antiquarians and collectors The excavators The Colchester Archaeological Trust 2 G D M EOLOGY AND THE EPOSIT ODEL Solid Geology Drift Geology The Colchester Deposit Model Introduction Character of archaeological deposits in Colchester Sequence and nature of the deposits Preservation of finds Archaeological deposits Results of the modelling 3 P C REHISTORIC OLCHESTER Introduction Past work The finds evidence The archaeological evidence Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic The Bronze Age The early and middle Iron Age The current state of knowledge Preservation Importance Potential for future research 4 C I A , c 50 BC–AD 43 AMULODUNON IN THE LATE RON GE Introduction and historical framework Past work The finds evidence The archaeological evidence The oppidum The dykes Settlement – Sheepen Other settlement evidence Manufacturing and trade Agriculture and the field system Burials and ritual structures The current state of knowledge Preservation Importance Potential for future research 5 T R , AD 43–49 HE OMAN LEGIONARY FORTRESS Introduction and historical framework Past work The finds evidence The archaeological evidence Military structures outside the legionary fortress Siting, preparation, laying-out and construction of the fortress Industrial activity Food, water supply and drainage Disposal of the dead Claudian occupation evidence and Iron Age continuity The current state of knowledge Preservation Importance Potential for future research 6 T AD 49–61 HE EARLY rOMAN COLONIA, Introduction and historical framework Past work The finds evidence The archaeological evidence The creation of the colonia and its hinterland Fortress into colonia: the revised layout Defences Buildings of the colonia Manufacturing and trade Diet Cemeteries Resistance to Rome – evidence for the Boudican revolt The current state of knowledge Preservation Importance Potential for future research 7 T R , AD 61–410 HE LATER OMAN TOWN Introduction and historical framework Past work The archaeological evidence Topographical organisation Boundaries, defences and roads Public and monumental buildings and structures Water supply Domestic and commercial buildings Manufacturing and trade Farming strategies and diet Religious and burial practice Extramural development The current state of knowledge Preservation Importance Potential for future research 8 E A -S C , 410–916 ARLY NGLO AXON OLCHESTER Introduction and historical framework Past work The finds evidence The archaeological evidence Occupation Coins Burials Possessions Pottery The current state of knowledge Preservation Importance Potential for future research 9 L A -S C , 917–1066 ATE NGLO AXON OLCHESTER Introduction and historical framework Past work The nature of the evidence The finds evidence The archaeological evidence Town defences, street system and urban plan Religious buildings Secular buildings Pottery and metalwork Manufacturing and trade The late Anglo-Saxon countryside The current state of knowledge Preservation Importance Potential for future research 10 E C , 1066–1348 ARLY MEDIEVAL OLCHESTER Introduction and historical framework Past work The nature of the evidence The finds evidence The archaeological evidence The castle Town defences Streets Monastries and churches Public buildings and works Domestic architecture Open space Suburbs The re-use of Roman materials The Hythe, commerce, trade and manufacturing The countryside The current state of knowledge Preservation Importance Potential for future research Colchester medieval deposits: biological remains 11 L C , 1349–1540 ATE MEDIEVAL OLCHESTER Introduction and historical framework Past work The nature of the evidence The finds evidence The archaeological evidence The urban plan Public buildings and works The town wall, town gates and castle Manufacturing and trade Domestic and commercial architecture Cellars and undercrofts The religious foundations and charitable institutions Churches The countryside The current state of knowledge Preservation Importance Potential for future research 12 P C , 1540–1700 OST-MEDIEVAL OLCHESTER Introduction and historical framework Past work The nature of the evidence Summary of finds assemblages The archaeological evidence
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