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COHERENT FIELDS AND IMAGES IN REMOTE SENSING Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mandrosov, Valery I. Coherent fields and images in remote sensing / Valery I. Mandrosov. p. cm. – (SPIE Press monograph ; PM130) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8194-5190-8 1. Remote sensing. 2. Optical measurements. I. Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers. II. Title. III. Series. G70.4.M35 2003 621.36’78’0151–dc22 2003056857 Published by SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering P.O. Box 10 Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Phone: +1 360 676 3290 Fax: +1 360 647 1445 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.spie.org Copyright © 2004 The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher and author. The content of this book reflects the work and thought of the author(s). Every effort has been made to publish reliable and accurate information herein, but the publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Printed in the United States of America. COHERENT FIELDS AND IMAGES IN REMOTE SENSING Valery I. Mandrosov SPIE PRESS A Publication of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering Bellingham, Washington USA Contents Preface/ ix Notation / xv Explanationof Terms/ xix Chapter1 Basic Conceptsof the Statistical Theoryof LightScattering/ 1 1.1 Introduction / 1 1.2 Randomsurfacesandfields scattered by them;the Kirchhoff method/ 1 1.3 Statistical characteristicsof a field scatteredby a stationary object offinite size/ 18 1.4 Statistical characteristicsof fieldsscattered by a moving object/ 27 1.5 Conclusions/ 37 Chapter2 Statistical Description of CoherentImages / 39 2.1 Introduction / 39 2.2 Statistical properties offields in coherentimages/ 40 2.3 Statistical characteristicsof coherentimage intensity in nonflat roughobjects / 53 2.4 Methodsof estimating and improving the quality of coherent images/ 56 2.5 Statistical characteristicsof imagesof an objectilluminated by quasi-monochromaticand polychromatic light / 60 2.6 Coherentimages ofsmall-scale surface roughness/ 64 2.7 Specklestructure of the time spectrumofa coherentfield scatteredby a movingrough object/ 70 2.8 Conclusions/ 72 2.9 Generalconclusionsto Chapters1 and 2 / 74 v vi Contents Chapter3 Use of CoherentFields andImagesto Determine the Dynamic Parametersof Remote Objects / 75 3.1 Introduction / 75 3.2 Methodsof determining the linear velocity ofa remote rough object/76 3.3 Method ofdetermining the angularvelocity of a rotating object/ 83 3.4 Determining objectsurface deformation parameters / 92 3.5 Combinedmethod of determining the motion anddeformation parametersof an object/98 3.6 Conclusions/ 100 Chapter4 FourierTelescopy/ 103 4.1 Introduction / 103 4.2 Statistical modelofthe received signalin Fourier telescopyandthe Fourier-telescopicimage / 105 4.3 Fourier-telescopicpanoramic microscope/ 118 4.4 Integraland localmeasuresofthe relationship betweenthe Fourier-telescopicimage of anobject andits averagedundistorted image/ 122 4.5 Conclusions/ 126 Chapter5 Time BackgroundHolographyof Moving Objects / 129 5.1 Introduction / 129 5.2 Generaltheory oftime backgroundholography/ 131 5.3 Usingtime backgroundholographyto detecta moving object/ 139 5.4 Application oftime backgroundholographyto the fast detection of movingobjects anddetermination oftheir parameters/ 148 5.5 Time backgroundholographyof moving objectsplacedclose to the backgroundsurface;the principle of time averagingof coherent wavefields/157 5.6 Time backgroundintensity holography/ 169 5.7 Conclusions/ 175 Appendix1 Statistical Characteristicsof the Intensity Distribution in a CoherentImage/ 177 Appendix2 Statistical Characteristicsof the Intensity Distribution in a Fourier-TelescopicImage and the Resolution of FourierTelescopy/ 183 Appendix3 PhaseClosureAlgorithmin FourierTelescopy/ 191 Contents vii Appendix4 TheCoherenceof Fields Scatteredby SufficientlyLarge RoughObjects, andthe Contrastof the ScatteredField Intensity Distribution / 195 Appendix5 Physicsof SpecklePattern Formation in the Images of Rough Objects / 205 References/ 211 Index /217 Preface This book is devoted to the problems connected with detailed analysis of coher- entfieldsandimagesandtheirapplicationinremotesensing.Ourconsiderationis basedonseveralcoherentphenomena,suchastheDopplereffect,whichisrelated to the phase variation of radiation reflected by a moving object, and the effect of speckle pattern formation on the radiation scattered by rough objects. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, coherent phenomena, including interference, havebeenactivelyusedinradioandacousticcommunicationandinlocationtech- niques. At first, applications were concerned with rather simple effects such as interferenceoftwomutuallycoherentplanewavesleadingtoasinusoidalpattern. However,inthesecondhalfofthecentury,rapiddevelopmentoflasertechnology broughtmorecomplicatedproblemsrelatedtointerferenceeffects.Thosewhoob- served images of rough objects by means of laser radiation noticed their strongly inhomogeneousstructure.Thisstructureiscalledthespecklepattern.Thespeckle pattern also appears in laser radiation scattered by a rough object or by a large numberofrandomlydistributedparticles.Amulticolorspecklepatterncanbeob- served for white light scattered by rough objects, randomly distributed particles, anddiffractiongratingswitharandomperiod.Forinstance,ifonelooksatthesun with blinking eyes, light is scattered by one’s eyelashes,which is a similar effect as a diffraction grating with a random period, and a speckle pattern consisting of coloredspotscanbeseen. Althougheffectsofthiskindarewellknowntoeveryone,itwasM.VonLaue1 who first described this phenomenon and studied it for the case of scattering by multiple particles. A bibliography of his fundamentalpapers on the theory of co- herence,includingspeckleoptics,canbefoundinthebooksbyMandelandWolf2 and Goodman.10 In the beginningof the twentieth century, he pointed out for the first time that a speckle pattern is built by many interfering waves diffracted by the elements of the scattering medium. However, up until the mid-1960s, effects related to speckle pattern formation did not attract much attention. This is evi- dent, for instance, from the fact that such phenomena were not considered in the monumentalbookofBornandWolf.3 Oneofthefirstworksthatusedspecklepat- tern formation analysis for light scattered by rough surfaces was by Rigden and Gordon.4 One of the first works to analyze the dynamic speckle pattern was by Anisimovetal.5 Inthe1970sandbeginningofthe1980s,manyauthorssuggestedusingspeckle pattern formation to determine the shape,velocityparameters, anddynamicpara- ix