Coherence in Spectroscopy and Modern Physics PDF
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Coherence in Spectroscopy and Modern Physics NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contem porary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world. assembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. Series B: Physics RECENT VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES Volume 29 - Electron-Phonon Interactions and Phase Transitions edited by Torrnod Riste Volume 30 - Many Degrees of Freedom in Field Theory edited by L. Streit Volume 31 - Many Degrees of Freedom in Particle Theory edited by H. Satz Volume 32 - Electron and Ion Spectroscopy of Solids edited by L. Fierrnans, J. Vennik, and W. Dekeyser Volume 33 - Microscopic Structure and Dynamics of Liquids edited by J. Dupuy and A. J. Dianoux Volume 34 - Path Integrals and Their Applications in Quantum, Statistical, and Solid State Physics edited by G. Papadopoulos and J. T. Devreese Volume 35 - Correlation Functions and Quasiparticle Interactions in Condensed Matter edited by J. Woods Halley Volume 36 - Strongly Coupled Plasmas edited by Gabor Kalman Volume 37 - Coherence in Spectroscopy and Modern Physics edited by F. T. Arecchi, R. Bonifacio, and M. O. Scully Volume 38 - Methods in Medium-Energy and Heavy-Ion Physics edited by K. W. McVoy and W. A. Friedman This series is published by an international board of publishers in con junction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston D Behavioral and Sijthoff International Publishing Company Social Sciences Leiden E Applied Sciences Noordhoff International Publishing Leiden Coherence in Spectroscopy and Modern Physics Edited by F. T. Arecchi University of Florence and National Institute of Optics Florence, Italy R. Bonifacio University ofM ilan Milan, Italy and M.O. Scully University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Nato Advanced Study Institute on Coherence in Spectroscopy and Modern Physics, Versilia, Italy, 1977. Coherence in spectroscopy and modern physics. (NATO advanced study institutes series: Series B, Physics; v. 37) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Coherence in Spectroscopy and Modern Physics held at Villa LePianore, Versilia, Italy, July 17-30, 1977." Includes index. 1. Coherence (Optics) - Congresses. 2. Spectrum analysis - Congresses. 3. Phys ics - Congresses. I. Arecchi, F. T. II. Bonifacio, R. III. Scully, MarIan Orvil, 1939- IV. Title. V. Series. QC476.C6N37 1977 536 78-14474 ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2873-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2871-1 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2871-1 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Coherence in Spectroscopy and Modern Physics held at Villa LePianore, Versilia, Italy, July 17-30, 1977 © 1978 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1978 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without permission from the Publisher PREFACE This volume contains the lectures and seminars presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Coherence in Spectroscopy and Modern Physics," the seventh course of the International School of Quantum Electronics, affiliated with the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Sicily. The Institute was held at Villa LePianore (Lucca), Versilia, Italy, July 17-30, 1977. The International School of Quantum Electronics was started in 1970 with the aim of providing instruction for young researchers and advanced students already engaged in the area of quantum electronics or wishing to switch to this area from a different background. From the outset the School has been under the direction of Prof. F. T. Arecchi, then at the University of Pavia, now at the University of Florence, and Dr. D. Roess of Siemens, Munich. Each year the Directors choose a subject of particular interest, alternating fundamental topics with technological ones, and ask colleagues specifically competent in a given area to take the scientific responsibility for that course. The past courses were devoted to the following themes: 1971: "Physical and Technical Measurements with Lasers" 1972: "Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulses" 1973: "Laser Frontiers: Short Wavelength and High Powers" 1974: "Cooperative phenomena in Multicomponent Systems" 1975: "Molecular Spectroscopy and Photochemistry with Lasers" 1976: "Coherent Optical Engineering" The purpose of the present course was to provide instruction in the field of modern physics and spectroscopy as it is influenced by coherent quantum-mechanical phenomena. It is generally acknow ledged that this rapidly developing field of research, besides offering an intellectual challenge, has had a significant impact on modern technology. Prof. R. Bonifacio, University of Milan, and Prof. M. o. Scully, University of Arizona, undertook the scientific direction of the v PREFACE present course, selecting the specific topics and lectures. The lectures collected in this volume cover the basic concepts and principles of coherence in quantum optics as well as in other areas of physics together with the most promising applications. We wish to express our appreciation to the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, whose financial support made this Institute possible. We also acknowledge the contribution of the following: CISE IBM Italia Philips, Eindhoven Siemens, Munich We finally thank the secretaries of Divisione Elettronica Quantistica, CISE, Mrs. G. Ravini and Miss M. Oriani, for their valuable assistance in the organization of the Institute and in the preparation of these proceedings, and Miss A. Camnasio of Servizio Documentazione, CISE, and again Mrs. G. Ravini for their assistance during the course itself. F. T. Arecchi R. Bonifacio M. o. Scully CONTENTS A - Basic Tools Coherence in Spectroscopy 1 A. Kastler Coherence in Synergetics 21 H. Haken B - Coherence in Spin-like Systems Coherent Optical Transients . . • • . . . . • . . . 41 R. G. Brewer Mean Field Theory of Optical Bistability and Resonance Fluorescence . . . . . • • • • . 85 L. A. Lugiato and R. Bonifacio Optical Bistability and Differential Gain 111 H. M. Gibbs, S. L. McCall, and T. N. C. Venkatesan Super fluorescence Experiments • 121 H. M. Gibbs Coherent Two-Photon Amplication in an Inverted Medium 131 L. M. Narducci, L. G. Johnson, E. J. Seibert, and W. W. Eidson C - Coherence in Atomic Spectroscopy High Resolution Spectroscopy in Atomic Rydberg States 151 S. Haroche The Method of Separated Fields in Optics 173 V. P. Chebotayev Coherence in Beam-Foil Spectroscopy . 195 H. J. Andra Magnetic Resonances in Sodium Vapours Oriented by a C. W. Dye Laser • ..• • . . • . . • • . • . . 219 G. Alzetta vii viii CONTENTS D - Applications of Coherence to Physical Systems Superconductivity and Quantum Optics •••••• 231 A. Di Rienzo, D. Rogovin, M. Scully, R. Bonifacio, L. Lugiato, and M. Milani Surface Plasmon Effects on Molecular Decay Processes near Metallic Interfaces • • • • 261 H. Morawitz Introduction to Picosecond Spectroscopy 301 B. Bosacchi Picosecond Spectroscopy and Solid State Physics 305 B. Bosacchi Coherent Effects in Picosecond Spectroscopy 329 A. Laubereau and W. Kaiser Nonthermal Microwave Resonances in Living Cells 347 F. Keilmann E - New Laser Sources The Free Electron Laser: A Single Particle Classical Model • • 361 A. Bambini and A. Renieri Frequency Tunability and High Speed Modulation of Far Infrared Optically Pumped Lasers by Stark Effect • • • • • •• 381 F. Strumia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index 397 COHERENCE IN SPE CTROSCOPY A Ifred Kastler Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Hertzienne de "Ecole Normale S uperieure - Universite Paris VI 75231 PARIS Cedex 05, France INTRODUCTION The general subject of this conference is "coherence". The first object of our investigation must be the answer to the question: what is the meaning of the word "coherence". What is its defini tion? It may be used in every day language and in the language of science. Its opposite is "incoherence". I believe the word "cohe rence" means in general some correlation between things or events, some state of "order",while "incoherence" means "no relation" or "disorder". By scientists the word "coherence" has been first used in the field of physical optics. We say that two light-beams, able to pro duce interference fringes by their superposition, must be coherent. In the wave-theory of light this means that their must be a defini te relation, invariant in time, between the phases of their vibra tions. If we note these vibrations by the expressions: :::: where W is their com mun circular frequency and where Cf. and CPa. are their phases, we say that these vibrations are coherent if their phase difference A¥,= 'f. - 'f &. remains constant in time during a time interval which is large com pared to period T = ,:tr/1Al of the vibrations. The vibrations are incoherent if ~'f changes rapidly in a random 2 A. KASTLER manner during tim e and takes all values between 0 and 2 Tl'. Such a definite relation between phases of vibrations is an ele ment of "order" and can be expressed by a definite value of "ne guentropy" w hi Ie incoherence is an element of "disorder" and cor responds to a high entropy. When, during the two last decades of the 19th century Ludwig Boltzmann1, studying the behaviour of an ideal gas of molecules, established his famous H-theorem and established the relation bet ween the thermodynamic concept of entropy S and the statistic con cept of probabi lity W, he had to make the hypothesis of "molekula re Unordnung", that is to say :he had to admit that in the initial state already there was same "disorder" among the molecules of the gas. This was necessary to guarantee the evolution of the gas to a higher state of disorder, to maximum entropy. When in 1900 Max Planck established his famous formula for black-body radiation, he had to make an analogous hypothesis which he cal led "Hypothesis der natUrlichen Strahlung". In his mind the word "naturlich" was synonimous with "incoherent". He had to postula te the absence of any definite phase-relation between the vibra tion of the monochromatic "resonators" in equilibrium with cavity radiation. We know that instead of considering with Planck such material reson~ors, we can consider - as ~as been shown by Lord Rayleigh in 1900 and used by Debye in 1910 - the radia- tion itself in a cavity as composed of quantised "steady waves", sti" called "Eigenschwingungen" or" cavity-modes ". Their num ber per unit volume and unit-frequency range is independant of the shape of the cavity and of the nature of its walls. The vibrations of these cavity modes must be "incoherent". Only in this case the addition-theorem of their entropy is valid and can be applied. This incoherence is a necessary postulate for obtaining Planck's formu la. COHERENCE IN ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY We may now consider same special, but interesting Cases of coherence in spectroscopy, limiting us to atom ic spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE As a first example we consider the simple case of paramagne tic atoms or nuclei in a steady magnetic field B. Each particle pos jl etA. sesses a small magnetic moment along an axis To this magnetic moment is associated a mechanical angular momentum ~
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