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Cognitive Work Analysis Applications, Extensions and Future Directions Cognitive Work Analysis Applications, Extensions and Future Directions Edited by Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon, Guy H. Walker and Daniel P. Jenkins CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-74942-9 (Paperback) 978-1-4724-4392-2 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Stanton, Neville A. (Neville Anthony), 1960- editor. | Salmon, Paul M., editor. | Walker, Guy., editor. | Jenkins, Daniel P., editor. Title: Cognitive work analysis : applications, extensions and future directions / [edited by] Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon, Guy H. Walker, and Daniel P. Jenkins. Other titles: Cognitive work analysis (Boca Raton, Fla.) Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2016058576| ISBN 9781472443922 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315572536 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Human-machine systems. | Human-computer interaction. | Work environment. | Cognitive psychology. Classification: LCC TA167 .C635 2017 | DDC 620.8/2--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016058576 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................ix Editors .......................................................................................................................xi Contributors ...........................................................................................................xiii Recommended Further Reading on Cognitive Work Analysis..............................xvii Section i overview of cognitive Work Analysis Chapter 1 Application of Cognitive Work Analysis to System Analysis and Design ............................................................................................3 Neville A. Stanton and Daniel P. Jenkins Section ii Requirements Specification Chapter 2 Specifying System Requirements Using Cognitive Work Analysis ......75 Neville A. Stanton and Rich C. McIlroy Chapter 3 Using the Abstraction Hierarchy to Create More Innovative Specifications ...................................................................................103 Daniel P. Jenkins Chapter 4 Using the Decision Ladder to Reach Interface Requirements .........115 Daniel P. Jenkins Chapter 5 From Cognitive Work Analysis to Software Engineering ...............133 Anandhi Dhukuram and Chris Baber Section iii Analysis of Sociotechnical Systems Chapter 6 Work Domain Analysis of Power Grid Operations ..........................151 Antony Hilliard, Fiona F. Tran and Greg A. Jamieson Chapter 7 How a Submarine Returns to Periscope Depth ................................171 Neville A. Stanton and Kevin Bessell v vi Contents Chapter 8 Cognitive Work Analysis: Lens on Work .........................................197 Catherine M. Burns Chapter 9 Exploring the Constraints of Modal Shift to Rail Transport ...........207 Neville A. Stanton, Rich C. McIlroy, Catherine Harvey, John M. Preston, Simon Blainey, Adrian Hickford and Brendan Ryan Chapter 10 Conducting Cognitive Work Analysis with an Experiment in Mind .............................................................................................233 Sean W. Kortschot, Cole Wheeler, Aimzhan Zhunussova and Greg A. Jamieson Section iV Design and evaluation Chapter 11 The Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit .................................251 Gemma J. M. Read, Paul M. Salmon and Michael G. Lenné Chapter 12 Cognitive Work Analysis for Systems Analysis and Redesign: Rail Level Crossings Case Study .....................................................271 Paul M. Salmon, Gemma J. M. Read, Michael G. Lenné, Christine M. Mulvihill, Nicholas Stevens, Guy H. Walker, Kristie L. Young and Neville A. Stanton Chapter 13 Work Domain Analysis Applications in Urban Planning: Active Transport Infrastructure and Urban Corridors .................................285 Nicholas Stevens, Paul M. Salmon and Natalie Taylor Chapter 14 Use and Refinement of CWA in an Industrial, Automotive Design, Context ................................................................................303 Ida Löscher and Stas Krupenia Chapter 15 Using Work Domain Analysis to Design a Rotary Wing Head-Up Display ..............................................................................321 Neville A. Stanton, Katherine L. Plant, Aaron P. Roberts, Catherine Harvey and T. Glyn Thomas Contents vii Chapter 16 Designing Mission Communications Planning with Rich Pictures and Cognitive Work Analysis .............................................337 Neville A. Stanton and Rich C. McIlroy Section V Risk and Resilience Chapter 17 CWA vs SWIFT in a Nuclear Decommissioning Case Study .........363 Guy H. Walker, Mhairi Cooper, Pauline Thompson and Daniel P. Jenkins Chapter 18 Deriving and Analysing Social Networks from SOCA-CAT Diagrams ..........................................................................................387 Chris Baber, Neville A. Stanton and Robert Houghton Chapter 19 Using CWA to Understand and Enhance Infrastructure Resilience .........................................................................................403 Guy H. Walker, Lindsay Beevers and Ailsa Strathie Index ......................................................................................................................419 Preface This book has arisen from the desire to share our insights into the practical appli- cation of the cognitive work analysis (CWA) framework. Over the past decade, we have applied CWA in many domains and have been impressed by the insights that the products of the analysis afford. CWA offers a systemic and systematic approach to the analysis, design and evaluation of sociotechnical systems. As a formative method, we have used it to design new concepts of operations, new interfaces and new ways of working. CWA was originally developed by Jens Rasumussen and colleagues at the Riso National Laboratory in Denmark (see the Recommended Further Reading list). This work began in the 1960s, when they were tasked with designing and evaluating the efficacy of nuclear power control systems for energy production. They quickly real- ized that there was no single method available for such a complex sociotechnical systems design. This gave rise to the development of a suite of approaches. Initially these methods were stand-alone, but they soon realized that they could be integrated to provide the CWA framework we recognize today. The importance of those origi- nal pioneers of CWA cannot be overstated. They have performed a great service to the disciplines of cognitive engineering, human factors and ergonomics. The history of the CWA would not be complete without mentioning Kim Vicente (see the Recommended Further Reading list) who, as a second generation of CWA enthusiast, worked with Jens to provide a user-friendly introduction to the frame- work. Kim also led a team of researchers who have shown how CWA can form the basis of ecological interface design (EID). The bridge between system analysis and design is often a difficult one to cross, but this pioneering work has inspired the research community and contributions to this book. Our own modest contributions to CWA came in the form of a practical how-to- do-it book and accompanying software (see the Recommended Further Reading list). The software has been disseminated widely as free-of-charge shareware. We have run tutorials in CWA all over the world and continue to teach it to our students and colleagues at our respective institutions. We have also used the framework in the many projects that we have been involved in over the past decade, some of which are contained in this book. It seemed timely and fitting to edit a text on the applications of CWA (as an update to what is already been published – see the Recommended Further Reading list), to which we have invited contributions from all over the world. We are pleased to have contributions from Australia, Canada, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It is our hope that readers of this book will be inspired by the practical nature of CWA, and feel empowered to apply the framework in their own work. Neville A. Stanton Professor of Human Factors Engineering University of Southampton ix

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Over the past decade, Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) has been one of the popular human factors approaches for complex systems evaluation and design applications. This is reflected by a diverse range of applications across safety critical domains. The book brings together a series of CWA applications
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