Cognitive Radio - An Enabler for Internet of Things

171 Pages·2017·17.349 MB·English

by  K. S. Vishvaksenan, M. A. Bhagyaveni, R. Kalidoss

Cognitive Radio – An Enabler
for Internet of Things
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS
SeriesEditors
ABBASJAMALIPOUR MARINARUGGIERI
TheUniversityofSydney UniversityofRomeTorVergata
Australia Italy
JUNSHANZHANG
ArizonaStateUniversity
USA
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• WirelessCommunications
• Networks
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Cognitive Radio – An Enabler
for Internet of Things
S. Shanmugavel
Professor,NationalEngineeringCollege
Kovilpatti,India
M.A. Bhagyaveni
Professor,CollegeofEngineering,Guindy
AnnaUniversity,Chennai,India
R. Kalidoss
Professor,SriSivasubramaniyaNadarCollegeofEngineering
Chennai,India
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Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
ListofFigures xv
ListofTables xix
ListofAbbreviations xxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 FeaturesandApplicationofIoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 EnablingTechnologiesandProtocolsforIoT . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 RFIDandNear-FieldCommunication(NFC) . . . . 4
1.2.2 M2MTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 NamingandAddressingSchemesforIoT . . . . . . 6
1.2.4 DataStorageandAnalysisTechniques . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.5 CognitiveRadioforIoTandM2M . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 RequirementandChallengesofIoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 HeterogeneityIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.2 Flexible,DynamicandEfficientNetworking
andCommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Self-Organization,Re-Configurability
andAutomaticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.4 EnergyEfficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.5 CooperativeandAmbientIntelligence . . . . . . . . 10
2 SoftwareDefinedRadio 13
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 DefinitionofSDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
v
vi Contents
2.2.1 SoftwareControlledRadio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 SoftwareDefinedRadio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 LevelsofSDR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 SDRWaveformPortability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 SDRSecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5.1 SDRInteroperabilityTesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5.2 SDRHardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6 SoftwareRadioFunctionalArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6.1 TheSoftwareRadioModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.7 ClassesofSoftwareDefinedRadio(SDR) . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.8 SoftwareCommunicationsArchitecture(SCA) . . . . . . . 22
2.8.1 SCABasics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.8.2 COBRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.8.3 SCAComplianceandTesting . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 CognitiveRadio 25
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 UnderstandingofCognitiveRadio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3 CognitiveRadioArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4 CognitiveRadioCharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4.1 PrimaryandSecondaryUsers . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.5 CognitiveRadioEnvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.6 TypesofCognitiveRadios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.6.1 ProceduralCRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.6.2 OntologicalCRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.7 CognitiveRadioNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.7.1 Infrastructure(Centralized)CRNs . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.7.2 Ad-hocModeCRNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.8 HowCognitiveRadioEmpowersInternetofThings . . . . . 33
3.9 Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.9.1 SpreadSpectrumPrimaryUsers . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.9.2 HiddenNode/SharingIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.9.3 SensingTime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.9.4 OtherChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 NextGenerationNetworks 37
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2 ClassicalHypotheticalAnalysisofSpectrumSensing . . . . 38
4.3 TransmitterDetection(Non-CooperativeDetection) . . . . . 41
Contents vii
4.4 MatchedFilterDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.5 EnergyDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.6 CyclostationaryFeatureDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.7 CooperativeDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.8 InterferenceBasedDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.9 NeymanPearsonFusionRuleforSpectrumSensing
inCognitiveRadio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.10 BayesianApproachforSpectrumSensing . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.11 OptimalSpectrumSensingbyUsingKullbackLeibler
Divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.11.1 SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.11.2 SpectrumSensingUsingKLD . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.12 SpectrumSensingChallenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5 CognitiveRadioforUpperLayers 57
5.1 SpectrumManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.1.1 SpectrumAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2 SpectrumDecision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.2.1 ChallengesFacedbySpectrumManagement . . . . 59
5.3 SpectrumMobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3.1 SpectrumHandoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.4 SpectrumMobilityChallengesinxGNetworks . . . . . . . 62
5.5 SpectrumSharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.6 OverviewofSpectrumSharingTechniques . . . . . . . . . 64
5.7 Inter-networkSpectrumSharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.8 CentralizedInter-NetworkSpectrumSharing . . . . . . . . 67
5.9 DistributedInter-NetworkSpectrumSharing . . . . . . . . . 68
5.10 ChallengestoSpectrumSharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.10.1 CommonControlChannel(CCC) . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.10.2 DynamicRadioRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.10.3 SpectrumUnit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.11 UpperLayerIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.11.1 RoutingChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.12 TransportLayerChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.13 Cross-LayerChallengesinSpectrumManagement . . . . . 73
5.14 Cross-LayerChallengesinSpectrumHandoff . . . . . . . . 73
5.15 Cross-LayerChallengesinSpectrumSharing . . . . . . . . 74
5.16 Cross-LayerChallengesinUpperLayers . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.17 MIMOCognitiveRadio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
viii Contents
6 StandardsforCognitiveRadioIEEE802.22WirelessRegional
AreaNetwork 79
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.2 IEEE802.22WirelessRegionalAreaNetwork . . . . . . . . 80
6.2.1 ImportanceofIEEE802.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.2.2 TopologyofIEEE802.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.2.3 ServiceCapacityandCoverage . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.3 PhysicalLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.4 MACLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.4.1 SuperFrameStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.5 SensinginIEEE802.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.6 IEEE802.22SpectrumMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.7 TurnaroundTimeProblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.8 ModifiedDuplexTechnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.9 SimulationResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.9.1 RepresentationoftheCells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.9.2 PerformanceoftheModifiedDuplexSystem . . . . 90
6.9.3 VariationintheNumberofUsers . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.10 MethodologyforIdleTimeCalculation . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.11 CTSInterferenceinIEEE802.22WranNetworks . . . . . . 93
6.12 CTSInterfrenceMitigationinIEEE802.22
WranNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.12.1 SystemModelandItsElements . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.13 InterferenceScenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.13.1 DesiredCellinUplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.13.2 DesiredCellinDownlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.14 LocationBasedDuplexScheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.14.1 MathematicalModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.15 PerformanceAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.15.1 CDFforVaryingInnerCellRadii . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.15.2 VariationoftheInter-CellDistance . . . . . . . . . 104
6.15.3 VariationintheNumberofUsers . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.15.4 SingleUserintheDesiredCell . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7 MATLABProgramsforSpectrumSensingTechnqiues 109
7.1 EnergyDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.2 MatchedFilterDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.3 CyclostationaryFeatureDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.4 Co-OperativeSpectrumSensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Contents ix
7.5 Introduction&SpecificationsofUSRP . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.6 USRPB200/B210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.7 Experiment-DetectionofSpectrumHolesUsingUSRP . . . 127
7.8 Experiment:SpectrumSensingUsingWARP . . . . . . . . 128
Bibliography 133
Index 141
AbouttheAuthors 145