Cognitive Mapping: Past, Present and Future PDF
Preview Cognitive Mapping: Past, Present and Future
Cognitive Mapping Cognitive Mapping is a comprehensive account of all facets of cognitive mapping research. This book provides an overview of the historical genesis of the subject area, a description of the current states-of-play, and a 'map' of what future research should investigate. Each chapter is divided into three sections - 'past', 'present' and 'future'. Topics that are covered include: • the links between spatial behaviour and spatial decision • learning a new environment • spatial learning from maps and virtual environments • learning space at different scales • spatial learning across the life space • the relationships between gender/visual impairment and spatial cognition This important work brings together specially commissioned chapters, written by international academics from a variety of different disciplines, to explore all the major theoretical and empirical strands of research devel oped over the past forty years. Rob Kitchin is a Lecturer in Human Geography at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland. His research interests include cognitive geog raphy, spatial behaviour, disability, cyberspace, and social geography. Scott Freundschuh is an Associate Professor at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, USA. His research interests include a wide range of topics concern ing maps and spatial knowledge acquisition in children and adults. Routledge Frontiers of Cognitive Science Series Advisor Tim Valentine 1 Decision Making Cognitive models and explanations Edited by Rob Ranyard, W. Ray Crozier and Ola Svenson 2 The Nature of Concepts Evolution, structure and representation Edited by Philip Van Loocke 3 Evaluative Semantics Cognition, language and ideology Jean-Pierre Malrieu 4 Cognitive Mapping Past, present and future Edited by Rob Kitchin and Scott Freundschuh Cognitive Mapping Past, present and future Edited by Rob Kitchin and Scott Freundschuh London and New York First published 2000 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Roudedge Inc. 270 Madison Ave, NewYorkNY 10016 Reprinted 2001, 2002 Transferred to Digital Printing 2006 Routledge iJ an imprint of the Taylor & FranciJ Group © 2000 Rob Kitchin and Scocc Freundschuh Typeset in Garamond by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon All rights reserved. No pare of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. BritiJh Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congrm Cataloging in Publication Data Kitchin, Rob. Cognitive mapping: past, present, and future / Rob Kitchin and Scott Freundschuh. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-20806-8 1. Cognitive maps (Psychology~ongresses. 2. Human information processing--Congresses. 3. Spatial behavior--Congresses. I. Freundschuh, Scott, 1957-. H. Tide. BF314.K582000 153.7'52-<1c21 99-054176 ISBN 0-415-20806-8 Contents List off igures and tables vu Contributors IX 1 Cognitive mapping 1 Rob Kitchin and Scott Freundschuh 2 Collecting and analysing cognitive mapping data 9 Rob Kitchin 3 Levels and structure of spatial knowledge 24 Barbara Tversky 4 Cognitive mapping and spatial decision-making 44 Tommy Giiding and Reginald G. Gol/edge 5 Route learning and wayfinding 66 Edward H. Comell and C. Donald Heth 6 Understanding and learning maps 84 Robert Lloyd 7 Understanding and learning virtual spaces 108 Patrick Peruch, Florence Gaunet, Catherine Thinus-Blanc and]a ck Loomis 8 Micro- and macro-scale environments 125 Scott Freundschuh 9 Cognitive mapping in childhood 147 David H. Ut tal and Lisa S. Tan VI Contents 10 Ageing and spatial behaviour in the elderly adult 166 K.c. Kirasic 11 A view of space through language 179 Holly A. T aylor 12 Sex, gender, and cognitive mapping 197 Carole M. Self and Reginald G. Golledge 13 Cognitive mapping without visual experience 221 Simon Ungar 14 The future of cognitive mapping research 249 Rob Kitchin and Scott Freundschuh Index 264 Figures and tables Figures 2.1 The effects of aggregation 16 4.1 Stages of spatial decision-making 46 4.2 A hierarchy of spatial decisions 47 4.3 Hypothetical process of making single or multiple choices of places 48 6.1 The cartographic communication process 85 6.2 Map reading is an integration and synthesis of bottom-up and top-down information 91 6.3 (a) The forty-two points from the cartographic map of Texas; (b) learned by the Kohenen neural network and represented in the Kohenen layer as a self-organized cognitive map; (c) the same forty-two points aggregated from sketch maps made by fifteen geography graduate students 100 8.1 Typical map by geographers and psychologists 126 9.1 The design and results of Hermer and Spelke's (1996) studies 152 9.2 The 'dog' figure used by Uttal et al. (1999) 155 9.3 The alternate, meaningless figure used by Uttal et al. (1999) 156 10.1 Percentage correct at three levels of expertise in different test conditions 171 10.2 Performance differences in relation to test conditions (percentage correct) for the elderly adults 172 10.3 Performance differences in relation to test conditions (percentage correct) for the young adults 173 11.1 Example of object-to-object relations where spatial terms, such as left are ambiguous without knowledge of the reference frame used 183 11.2 Example stimuli from ERP study examining spatial reference frame. Relative and intrinsic frames conflict in example 185 VI11 Figures and tables 11.3 ERP results showing spatial frame processing 187 13.1 Layout of the school and grounds used to test children's knowledge of a familiar environment by Ungar et at. (1996b) 228 13.2 Layout used by Rieser, Guth and Hill (1982) 230 13.3 Example of the layout used by Ungar et al. (1994) 239 Tables 4.1 Hypothetical cases of choices of places depending on level of acquisition of a cognitive map and whether choices are single or multiple 53 13.1 Strategies identified in the studies by Hill et al. (1993) and Gaunet and Thinus-Blanc (1997) 231 Contributors Edward H. Cornell is Professor of Psychology at the University of Alberta, Canada. He studies wayfinding and lost person behaviour in natural envi ronments. Scott Freundschuh is currently Associate Professor at the University of Minnesota in Duluth. He joined the faculty in 1994 and teaches courses on cartography and geographic information systems, and is the Director of the Geography Department's Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Analysis Laboratory. His research interests include a wide range of topics concerning maps and spatial knowledge acquisition in children and adults. Tommy Glirling is Professor of Psychology at Goteborg University. His current research focuses on attitudes, judgement, and decision-making in different contexts including travel choice. He is the Director of the Research Unit of Societal and Environmental Decision Analysis in his department. Florence Gaunet is Junior Research Fellow at LIMSI (CNRS, Orsay). Her interests focus on the linkage between different sensory modalities and spatial representation. For several years in Marseille, she studied the role of vision in spatial memory, testing blind and sighted subjects. At the University of California and the College de France, she investigated the contribution of visual and gravitational cues to spatial memory. She is now exploring the role of language and vision in navigation. Reginald G. Golledge is Professor of Geography and Director of the Research Unit on Spatial Cognition and Choice at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research interests include behavioural geog raphy, spatial cognition, spatial knowledge acquisition, cognitive mapping, human navigation with and without sight, behavioural travel modelling, spatial decision-making and choice behaviour, gender and spatial abilities, and geography and disability.
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