Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach PDF
Preview Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach
COASTAL WETLANDS AN INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM APPROACH SECOND EDITION Edited by G M.E. P ERARDO ERILLO E W RIC OLANSKI D R. C ONALD AHOON C S. H HARLES OPKINSON Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington, OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50Hampshire Street,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2019Elsevier B.V.Allrightsreserved.Donald R.Cahoon’scontribution totheworkis theworkofaUSGovt.employeeandisinpublic domain. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyform orbyanymeans, electronic ormechanical,including photocopying, recording, oranyinformation storageandretrieval system,without permissionin writingfrom thepublisher.Detailsonhow toseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’s permissionspoliciesand ourarrangementswith organizationssuch astheCopyrightClearanceCenterand theCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatour website:www.elsevier.com/permissions. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Acatalogrecordforthis bookisavailablefrom theLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Data Acataloguerecordforthis bookisavailablefrom theBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-444-63893-9 Forinformationon allElsevier publicationsvisitourwebsite athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:Candice Janco Acquisition Editor:LouisaHutchins EditorialProjectManager: EmilyThomson ProductionProjectManager:NileshKumarShah CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Dedication The editors wish to dedicate the present book to the mem- ory of Dr. Mark M. Brinson, our friend, colleague, and member of the editorial team of the first edition of Coastal Wetlands: An integrated Ecosystem Approach. Gerardo M.E. Perillo, Eric Wolanski, Donald R. Cahoon, and Charles S. Hopkinson Dr. Mark M. Brinson retired in September 2010 with the title of Distinguished Research Professor, after more than35yearsatEastCarolinaUniversity.Wewerelooking forward to several more active years of research and pro- fessional service when he unexpectedly passed away a few monthslater,onJanuary3,2011.Inwordsofhisdearfriend and colleague, Dr. Robert Christian, we lost a thoughtful, hardworking, and creative Ecosystem Naturalist that day. Mark devoted his research to understanding how wetlands function, unraveling the intricate relationships among the physical, chemical, and biological components of wetland ecosystems. His unique perspective made sub- stantial contributions not only to wetland science but also to the environmental management of wetlands. Mark’s work had a significant impact on the hydrogeomorphic classification of wetlands, central to the functional assess- ment of wetlands and mitigation procedures based on functionalloss.Thisfunctionalapproachalongwiththeuse of reference states that one of his most significant contri- butions greatly changed mitigation policies and targets for restoration strategies. Throughout his career, Mark taught numerous cour- ses and workshops on wetland ecology within the United States and abroad. He has edited, authored, and coauthored many publications on wetland ecologyandservedasatechnicalconsultanttotheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Smithsonian Institution. He was also President of the Society of Wetland Scientists and served on its Board of Directors for several years. In addition,Markhasreceivedmanyhonorsandawards,includingtheThomasHarriotCollege of Arts and Sciences Distinguished Professor Award, Lifetime Achievement Award, a Na- tional Wetlands Award for Science Research cosponsored by the Environmental Law Insti- tute and the Environmental Protection Agency, and Fellowship of the Society of Wetland Scientists. On a more personal note, I met Mark in 2003, when I was a graduate student at Uni- versidaddeBuenosAires.BythattimehewasusingaFulbrightForeignScholarshipAward v vi DEDICATION toaidin thedevelopmentof anational wetland inventoryin Argentina. Iwas aclumsyand unfocused student who knew little about Mark then, but working with him gave me the opportunityofalifetimetobecomeawetlandecologist.Markwasoneofthemostrespectful people I ever knew, but I could not describe Mark better than himself. As he said in his retirement essay, he did not like “being shrouded by the transparent tapestry of ego.” And thatwasDr.MarkBrinson,theSeniorScientistandDistinguishedProfessorwhodidnotmiss a single field trip to my marsh sites. He wrote my field notes, helped me out with the peat sampler, and cooked dinner. In his retirement speech he also said “Having fun is being hardwired to your profession e half of the time you don’t realize how much fun it is.” From all the pictures thatcametomymindsinceIstartedtowritethisnote,Ichoosetosharethisone:Markand his big smile standing at the marsh, playing at being my field assistant, and having fun. Dr. Paula G Pratolongo List of Contributors Kenneth F. Abraham Trent University, Peter- Donald R. Cahoon United States Geological borough,ON,Canada Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Paul Adam School of Biological Earth and Laurel,MD,UnitedStates EnvironmentalScience, UNSW, Sydney,NSW, L.Carniello DepartmentofCivil,Environmental Australia and Architectural Engineering, University of S.Ahmerkamp MaxPlanckInstituteforMarine Padua,Padova,Italy Microbiology,Bremen,Germany Edward Castañeda-Moya Southeast Environ- Rebecca J. Aspden Scottish Oceans Institute, mental Research Center, Florida International University,Miami,FL,UnitedStates School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife,Scotland ElizabethChristie CambridgeCoastalResearch Andrew H. Baldwin Department of Environ- Unit, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom mental Science and Technology, University of Maryland,CollegePark,MD,UnitedStates P.L.M. Cook Water Studies Centre, Monash DonaldM.Baltz Department ofOceanography University,Clayton,VIC,Australia and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State Univer- Christopher B. Craft School of Public and sity,BatonRouge,LA,UnitedStates Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Edward B. Barbier Department of Economics, Bloomington,IN,UnitedStates Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo- CarolynA.Currin NOAA,NationalCentersfor rado,UnitedStates Coastal OceanScience, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, AatBarendregt UtrechtUniversity,Utrecht,The NC,UnitedStates Netherlands Andrea D’Alpaos Department of Geosciences, KevinS.Black Partrac,Glasgow,Scotland UniversityofPadova,PD,Italy Laurence A. Boorman L A B Coastal, Cam- L.D’Alpaos DepartmentofCivil,Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of bridgeshire,UnitedKingdom y Padua, Padova, Italy MarkM.Brinson StephenDavis EvergladesFoundation,Palmetto Stephen W. Broome Department of Crop and Bay,FL,UnitedStates Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Dirk de Beer Max Planck Institute for Marine Raleigh,NC,UnitedStates Microbiology,Bremen,Germany Benjamin M. Brown Charles Darwin Univer- A. Defina Department of Civil, Environmental sity, Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods(RIEL),Darwin, NT,Australia and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua,Padova,Italy Michael R. Burchell Department of Biological Joanna C. Ellison Discipline of Geography and and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina Spatial Sciences, School of Technology, Envi- StateUniversity,Raleigh,NC,UnitedStates ronmentsand Design,University ofTasmania, Launceston,TAS,Australia y Deceased. xiii xiv LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS Laura L. Flynn Coastal Resources Group, Inc., Paul S. Lavery School of Science & Centre for Venice,FL,UnitedStates Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan IreneFortune Scottish Oceans Institute, School University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Centro of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo SuperiordeInvestigacionesCientíficas,Blanes, Scotland Spain Jon French Coastal and Estuarine Research Nicoletta Leonardi University of Liverpool, Unit, UCL Department of Geography, Univer- sity College London, Gower Street, London, School ofEnvironmental Sciences, Department ofGeographyandPlanning,Liverpool,United UnitedKingdom Kingdom Shu Gao State Key Laboratory for Estuarine RoyR.LewisIII CoastalResourcesGroup,Inc., and Coastal Research, East China Normal University,Shanghai,China Salt Springs,FL,UnitedStates Christopher Haight New York City Depart- Catherine Lovelock The School of Biological ment of Parks & Recreation, New York, NY, Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia,QLD,Australia;GlobalChangeInstitute, UnitedStates The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Richard S. Hammerschlag United States Geo- Australia logical Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Marco Marani Department of Civil, Environ- Center,Laurel,MD,UnitedStates mental, and Architectural Engineering, Ellen Kracauer Hartig New York City Depart- University ofPadova,PD,Italy ment of Parks & Recreation, New York, NY, I. Peter Martini School of Environmental UnitedStates Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Marianne Holmer Department of Biology, Canada University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Karen L. McKee U.S. Geological Survey, Wet- Denmark land and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Charles S. Hopkinson Department of Marine LA, UnitedStates Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, UnitedStates J. Patrick Megonigal Smithsonian Environ- y mental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, RobertL.Jefferies UnitedStates S.B. Joye Department of Marine Sciences, Uni- StephenMidway DepartmentofOceanography versityofGeorgia, Athens, GA,UnitedStates and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State Univer- Jeffrey J. Kelleway Department of Environ- sity, BatonRouge,LA,UnitedStates mentalSciences,MacquarieUniversity,Sydney, Iris Möller Cambridge Coastal Research Unit, NSW,Australia Department of Geography, University of Jason R. Kirby Liverpool John Moores Univer- Cambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom sity, School of Natural Sciences & Psychology, R.I. Guy Morrison National Wildlife Research Liverpool,UnitedKingdom Centre, Environment and Climate Change Stefano Lanzoni Department of Civil, Environ- Canada, Ottawa,ON,Canada mental, and Architectural Engineering, Univer- Scott C. Neubauer Department of Biology, Vir- sityofPadova,PD,Italy ginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Marit Larson New York City Department of VA, UnitedStates Parks&Recreation,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates David M. Paterson Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife,Scotland y Deceased. xv LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS Gerardo M.E. Perillo Instituto Argentino de C.A. Schutte Louisiana Universities Marine Oceanografía (CONICET e UNS), Bahía Consortium (LUMCON), Chauvin,LA, United Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Geología, States Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, M.Seidel InstituteforChemistryandBiologyof Argentina theMarineEnvironment(ICBM),Universityof Maria Cintia Piccolo Instituto Argentino de Oldenburg,Oldenburg,Germany Oceanografia - Universidad Nacional del Sur, Liudmila A. Sergienko Department of Botany BahiaBlanca,BuenosAires,Argentina and Plant Physiology, Petrozavodsk State Andrew Plater University of Liverpool, School University,Petrozavodsk, Russia of Environmental Sciences, Department of Oscar Serrano School of Science & Centre for Geography and Planning, Liverpool, United Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan Kingdom University,Joondalup,WA,Australia PaulaPratolongo UniversidadNacionaldelSur, Daniel O. Suman Rosenstiel School of Marine Dto. de Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia andAtmosphericScience,UniversityofMiami, CONICET, Instituto Argentino de Ocean- Miami,FL,UnitedStates ografía,BahíaBlanca,Argentina Rebecca K. Swadek New York City Depart- Andrea Rinaldo Department of Civil, Environ- ment of Parks & Recreation, New York, NY, mental, and Architectural Engineering, Uni- UnitedStates versity of Padova, PD, Italy; Laboratory of CraigTobias UniversityofConnecticut,Groton, Ecohydrology, Ecole Polytechnique Fèdèrale CT,UnitedStates Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland Robert R. Twilley Department of Ocean- Victor H. Rivera-Monroy Department of ography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College Coast and the Environment, Louisiana State of the Coast and the Environment, Louisiana University,BatonRouge,LA,UnitedStates State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States Jenneke M. Visser Institute for Coastal and Water Research, and School of Geosciences, Kerrylee Rogers Geoquest, University of Wol- UniversityofLouisianaatLafayette,Lafayette, longong,Wollongong,NSW, Australia LA,UnitedStates Andre S. Rovai Department of Oceanography DennisF.Whigham SmithsonianEnvironmental and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast ResearchCenter,Edgewater,MD,UnitedStates and the Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States; Eric Wolanski TropWATER and College of Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ocean- Science and Engineering, James Cook Univer- ografia, Universidade Federal de Santa sity, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Australian Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia Neil Saintilan Department of Environmental Sciences,MacquarieUniversity,Sydney,NSW, Colin D. Woodroffe School of Earth and Envi- Australia ronmentalSciences,UniversityofWollongong, Wollongong,NSW,Australia CharlesE.Sasser DepartmentofOceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State Univer- C.S. Wu Max Planck Institute for Marine sity,BatonRouge,LA,UnitedStates Microbiology,Bremen,Germany Preface to the First Edition Why coastal wetlands? What is so consequences of uninformed exploitation important about them that a whole book is have resulted in poor or even total lack of required to try to review and explain their management criteria by most governments large variety of properties? Of all the coastal at all levels. Even local stakeholders fail to habitats, wetlands are the least depicted in act in their own best interest without thetouristbrochuresbecausetheylackthose consideration of the ecosystem goods and paradisiacal long, white sandy beaches services that the nearby wetlands provide. backed by palm trees or expensive resort Coastal wetlands best develop along hotels close to transparent blue waters. In passive-margin coasts with low-gradient fact, most coastal wetlands are quite muddy coastal plains and wide continental shelves. and are more likely to be inhabited by The combination of low hydraulic energy crabs and worms than by charismatic fish, andgentleslopeprovidesanidealsettingfor birdsandmammals.Hence,mostinhabitants the wetland development. Also passive ofourworldeitherhaveneverthoughtabout margins are less prone to receive large coastal wetlands or may consider them a episodicevents like tsunamis.Tsunamisand nuisance, not realizing that their seafood storm surges, in particular, are major coast dinner likely had its origin as a detrital food modifiers, but when they act on low coasts web in a salt marsh or mangrove swamp. their effects are more far reaching than they Bahía Blanca (Argentina) inhabitants are are on higher relief coasts. For a wetland a classical example: a city of over 300,000 to form, there is a need for a particular people living within 10km of a 2300-km2 geomorphological setting such as an embay- wetland, the largest of Argentina, but fewer ment or estuary providing a relatively than40%haveanyideathattheyaresoclose low-energy environment favoring sediment to the sea and a short distance of places that settling, deposition and preservation. How- are globally unique (Perillo and Iribarne, ever,thatisonlythebeginningofalargeand 2003, in Chapter 6). complex “life” where many geological (i.e., Similarly, there are many other coastlines sediment supply, geological setting and isos- dominated by wetlands, yet they are only tasy), physical (i.e., oceanographic, atmo- seen as areas to exploit in an unsustainable spheric, fluvial, groundwater processes and fashion. For example, mangroves have sea level changes), chemical (i.e., nutrients, served local communities for generations in pollutants), biological (i.e., intervening flora manyAsiantropicalcountriesforharvesting andfauna),andanthropicfactorsplayawide wood and fish in contrast to their wholesale spectra of roles. Coastal wetlands are areas replacement for rice cultivation and shrimp that have combined physical sources and farming. biological processes to develop structure that Even though management guidelines continuestotakeadvantageofnaturalenergy havebeenavailablefordecades,thenegative inputs. xvii xviii PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION This book has been planned to address in contributedarticles.Butthereward,wethink, an integrated way all these processes and is much more beneficial for the student, pro- their consequences on the characterization fessor, or researcher employing this book for and evolution of coastal wetlands. Itaims to hisorherparticularinterest.Readerswillnot provide an integrated perspective on coastal only be able to find a specific topic but will wetlands as ecosystems for the public, engi- find related information to complement and neers,scientistsandresourcesmanagers.Itis enhance the understanding of the topic. only after acquiring this perspective that We are in debt to the more than 50 re- scientists can confidently propose ecohy- viewers(mostofthemarenotauthorsinthe drologic solutions for managing these envi- book) who have agreed and provided ronmentsinanecologicallysustainableway. graciously and unselfishly their valuable This is but one small step toward encour- time. Some took on the responsibility of two aging humanity to look beyond purely chapters,andtheireffortsarerewardedwith technological, and often failed, solutions to improvementsofeachcontribution.Inmany complex environmental problems. cases, reviewers gave us interesting ideas This is done by focusing on the principal that helped in the general structure of the components considering the full range of book. A list of the reviewers is provided. environments from freshwater to subtidal We also thank Elsevier Science and the andfrompolartotropicalsystems.Thebook variousPublishingEditorswhowereincharge has been divided into seven parts starting of our book along the period since we first from a synthesis chapter that integrates the proposedourideatothefinalresultthatyou whole book. Part I covers, in three chapters, are reading now. First of all to Kristien van the general description of the wetlands Lunen who first believed that our proposal structured according to broad climatic re- was realizable and then to the important gions and introduces the most important contributions and patience of Jennifer Hele, physical processes that are common to all and also to Pauline Riebeek, Linda Versteeg coastal wetlands including some geo- and lastly Sara Pratt. Stalin Viswanathan did morphologicandmodelingprinciples.PartII anexcellentjobcopyeditingthewholebook. are specific to each particular type of Gerardo M.E. Perillo wetland (tidal flats, marshes and seagrasses, Eric Wolanski and mangroves). Within each part (Parts III Donald R. Cahoon to V), there are chapters dealing with their Mark M. Brinson particular geomorphology, sedimentology, July, 2008 biology and biogeochemistry. Finally Parts VI and VII provide insight into the restora- This document isbased on work partially tionandmanagementandsustainabilityand supported by the U.S. National Science landscape dynamics. Foundation under Grants No. BSR-8702333- As editors, our work was greatly facili- 06,DEB-9211772,DEB-9411974,DEB-0080381 tated by the tremendous cooperation and and DEB-0621014 and to SCOR under enthusiasm from each of the authors to Grant No. OCE-0608600. Any opinions, complete this process that began mid 2006. findings, and conclusions or recommenda- Each author, an authority in his or her spe- tions expressed in this material are those of cialty, was specifically invited to write a re- the authors and do not necessarily reflect view chapter. Therefore, the challenges were the views of the U.S. National Science much larger than in the case of typical Foundation (NSF).
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