Coastal disasters and climate change in Vietnam : engineering and planning perspectives PDF
Preview Coastal disasters and climate change in Vietnam : engineering and planning perspectives
Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam Engineering and Planning Perspectives Nguyen Danh Thao Department of Port and Coastal Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Hiroshi Takagi Department of International Development Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Miguel Esteban Project Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Sustainability Science— Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan AMSTERDAM(cid:1)BOSTON(cid:1)HEIDELBERG(cid:1)LONDON(cid:1)NEWYORK(cid:1)OXFORD PARIS(cid:1)SANDIEGO(cid:1)SANFRANCISCO(cid:1)SINGAPORE(cid:1)SYDNEY(cid:1)TOKYO Elsevier 32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Firstedition2014 Copyright©2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-800007-6 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com ThisbookhasbeenmanufacturedusingPrintOnDemandtechnology.Eachcopyisproducedtoorder andislimitedtoblackink.Theonlineversionofthisbookwillshowcolorfigureswhereappropriate. Preface IfirstvisitedthecoastofVietnamin1996,whenmyteammadeacoastalfieldsur- vey from Ho Chi Minh City to Ha Long Bay. At that time we found out that the coast was experiencing environmental changes due to rapid economic and social development that had taken place since the introduction of the Doi Moi (reform) policy,whichstartedin1986. In the last two decades, Vietnam has experienced problems related to coastal erosion because of the human interference and development of the coastline, which had originally formed through the dynamic equilibrium of erosion by sea waves and the deposit of sand supplied from rivers (including large and many small and medium rivers). The potential for major coastal reaction always exists when even the slightest changes are made to land use practices. The history of these changes is, in fact, similar to those that took place in Japan from 1960 to 1980 and in Thailand from 1990 to 2000. In all cases, the trigger for these changes was the rapideconomicdevelopmentofeachcountry. This new book, edited by Dr. Nguyen Danh Thao, Dr. Hiroshi Takagi, and Dr. Miguel Esteban, is a timely publication, an overview of the recent state of the coastal environment in Vietnam. These three editors have worked with me for many years since they finished their doctoral education under my supervision, and I am happy that this book showcases pioneering work in the field of coastal processesundertheinfluenceofrapidchanges. TomoyaShibayama ProfessorofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,WasedaUniversity EmeritusProfessor,YokohamaNationalUniversity February2014 List of Contributors Thorsten Albers Engineering Consultants von Lieberman GmbH, von Lieberman GmbH,Hamburg,Germany Le Tuan Anh Department of Port and Coastal Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Vu Thanh Ca Research Institute for the Management of Seas and Islands, VietnamAdministrationofSeasandIslands,DongDa,Hanoi,Vietnam MiguelEsteban Graduate Programme inSustainability Science, GlobalLeadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences,TheUniversityofTokyo,KashiwaCity,Chiba,Japan Hans Hanson Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Sweden Nguyen Manh Hung Center for Marine Environment Survey, Research and Consultation (CMESRC), Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Association (VUSTA),Hanoi,Vietnam Hanne Louise Knaepen European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM),Brussels,Belgium Magnus Larson Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Lund,Sweden Takahito Mikami Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University,Tokyo,Japan Thanh Ngo-Duc Department of Meteorology, Ha Noi University of Science, VietnamNationalUniversity,ThanhXuan,Hanoi,Vietnam Emma So¨dervall Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Sweden xviii ListofContributors Klaus Schmitt Deutsche Gesellschaft fu¨r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH,SocTrangCity,Vietnam Tomoya Shibayama Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, WasedaUniversity,Tokyo,Japan Annika Sundstro¨m Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University,Sweden TomoyukiTakabatakeTechnologyCenter,TaiseiCorporation,Yokohama,Japan Hiroshi Takagi Department of International Development Engineering, Graduate SchoolofScienceandEngineering,TokyoInstituteofTechnology,Tokyo,Japan Tran Thu Tam Department of Port and Coastal Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Nguyen Danh Thao Department of Port and Coastal Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam To Quang Toan Southern Institute of Water Resources Research (SIWRR), Ho ChiMinhCity,Vietnam Doan Dinh Tuyet Trang Department of Port and Coastal Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi MinhCity,Vietnam Van Pham Dang Tri Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Vietnam Nguyen Hieu Trung Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Vietnam P. Valenzuela Center for Disaster Preparedness Foundation, Inc., Manila, Philippines Le Van Cong Center for Oceanography, Vietnam Administration of Seas and Islands(VASI),DongDa,HaNoi,Vietnam Mai Van Cong Division of Port and Waterway Engineering, Faculty of Hydraulic Engineering,WaterResourcesUniversity,Hanoi,Vietnam ListofContributors xix Nguyen Van Cu Department of Marine and Island Geography, Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Natural Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay,HaNoi,Vietnam Tran Van Ty Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Technology,CanThoUniversity,Vietnam Lilian Yamamoto Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo,Japan Introduction: Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam Hiroshi Takagi1, Miguel Esteban2 and Nguyen Danh Thao3 1GraduateSchoolofScienceandEngineering,TokyoInstituteof Technology,Meguro-ku,Tokyo,Japan,2GraduateSchoolofFrontier Sciences,TheUniversityofTokyo,Kashiwanoha,Chiba,Japan, 3FacultyofCivilEngineering,HoChiMinhCityUniversityofTechnology, HoChiMinhCity,Vietnam I.1 Need for Better Coastal Planning for Sustainable Coastal Development About 60% of the total population of the world lives in coastal areas, including 65% of cities with a population of over 2.5 million (UNCED, 1992). In particular, most of the world’s largest cities, or “megacities” with over 10 million inhabitants, have developed close to the sea. In general, economic activities in coastal zones, such as shipping, fishing, tourism, and industries, increase as populations grow, and vice versa. In this sense, between 2005 and 2030, the world’s population is expected to increase by 1.7 billion (UN, 2006), and thus it is likely that the eco- nomic activities of coastal zones will continue to expand. This trend in economic expansion will be further strengthened by economic globalization, as coastal cities actasagatewaybetweencountries. However, almost all coastal areas are vulnerable to coastal disasters such as high waves, tsunamis,andstormsurges.Thegigantictsunamiwaves, runningupto a maximum elevation of 40m, which were generated by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake killed nearly 20,000 people and devastated vast coastal areas. The Indian Ocean tsunami, one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded his- tory, occurred in December 2004 after a massive earthquake, killing over 230,000 people in Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, and many other countries. Apart from tsunamis, significant storm surges have occurred frequently in recent years, including those caused by Hurricane Katrina (United States in 2005, approximately 2000 dead and missing), Cyclone Nargis (Myanmar in 2008, over 138,000 dead), Tropical Storm Ketsana (known in the Phillippines as Ondoy, in 2009, 500 people dead), and Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda in the Philippines, in 2013, nearly 8000 peo- pledeadandmissing),allofwhichcausedcatastrophicdamagetocoastalareas. Thus, it is essential toadequately plan for coastal areas to ensure their resilience against such disasters and ensure their long-term sustainable development. xxii Introduction:CoastalDisastersandClimateChangeinVietnam FigureI.1 PhototakenfromahilltopofIshinomakishortlyafterthe2011GreatEastJapan earthquake. However, it is certain that economic development typically receives a higher prior- ity than disaster mitigation. This trend is observed not only in developing countries butalsoindevelopedcountries.The2011GreatEastJapanearthquakeandtsunami revealedthatJapan,although perceivedtobeacountry resilientagainst naturaldis- asters,wasstillsignificantlyvulnerabletotheseevents.Thoughittakesmanyyears todevelop cities, acatastrophic naturaldisaster candestroyeverythingfromhuman life to property in an instant. Figure I.1 shows how large towns such as Ishinomaki City(Japan)weretotallyflattenedbythetsunamithatoccurredonMarch11,2011. The impact of such a disaster clearly is imprinted in the minds of the people who experienced or witnessed it, and in many cases will become part of the collective memory of a coastal society, though such memory will fade over time and with the passageofgenerations. I.2 Vietnamese Coasts and Coastal Disasters Vietnam, with 3260km of coastline and two vast low-lying deltas (Red River DeltaandMekongDelta),couldbeconsideredoneofthemostvulnerablecountries Introduction:CoastalDisastersandClimateChangeinVietnam xxiii against coastal disasters and climate change. However, it appears that people out- side Vietnam are not significantly aware of the vulnerability of this country’s coasts to disasters, and even the vast majority of the Vietnamese people may not realize the extent of the danger to their neighboring coastal communities, which suffer from frequent coastal floods.There couldbemultiplereasonsfor thislackof awareness to natural hazards in Vietnam. In fact, there have been no extremely large disasters in Vietnam for at least several decades, whereas other neighboring disaster-prone countries have experienced several large disasters exceeding 5000 casualtiesduringthisperiod (e.g., Japan: TyphoonVera (knowninJapan asIsewan Typhoon) in 1959, Great Hanshin earthquake in 1995, Great East Japan earthquake in 2013; Philippines: Moro Gulf earthquake in 1976, Typhoon Thelma (Uring) in 1991, Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in 2013; Indonesia and Thailand: Indian Ocean tsunamiin2004). If a disaster causes catastrophic damage and is also widely broadcast by the media, the world’s attention will focus on the damaged areas, contributing to rais- ing awareness of the dangers faced by a particular country or region. However, people may not be particularly aware of the danger posed by potential future disas- ters if the media does not report minor disaster that have relatively limited human and property losses. For these reasons, ordinary people worldwide do not seem to recognize Vietnam as being one of the most vulnerable countries to coastal disas- ters,despitethehigh-potentialrisksfacingit. In the last several years, the editors of this book have conducted a series of sur- veys to attempt to understand the present situation of Vietnam’s coasts, from the northern boundary with China to the southern end of the Mekong Delta (Figure I.2). While there are beaches which still look healthy and do not appear to have any significant problems, it is obvious that a number of coastal communities have been suffering from severe erosion and high waves. Such coastal erosion appears to be one of the most imminent and pressing issues. According to well- establishedprinciples inthe field ofcoastal engineering,mostofthecausesofsuch erosion can be associated with anthropogenic interference in the coastal environ- ment, such as the construction of sea dikes and jetties, landfills, or dredging, all of whichresultinalterationofbeachprofilesasaresultofimbalancesinthesediment budget. As a result of these dynamic coastal processes, the editors have observed many eroding coasts, and thus this issue deserves prominent treatment. Consequently, severaloftheinvitedchaptersinthisbookdealwiththeissueofseverecoastalero- sion along many Vietnamese coastlines, such as those in Nam Dinh, Quang Ninh, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Tien Giang, and Ca Mau Provinces, and Phan Thiet and Hai Phong cities (see Chapters 1, 2, and 4). It is clear that the coasts of Vietnam, particularly near the river mouths of the two deltaic areas, are geomorphologically unstable and still undergoing rapid dynamic change (see Chapters 2 and 3). These naturalvariationsinlandformshavebeencreatingsevereerosionandaccretionpro- blems,forcinglocalpeopletosometimesmigratetoadjacentareas. As mentioned earlier, it is obvious that coastal erosion at many locations has been accelerated by coastal structures installed in adjacent segments of the coast
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