Coal. Energy for the Future PDF
Preview Coal. Energy for the Future
Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html i ald, ne gin he orie retai ginal paper book, not from tmatting, however, cannot bative version for attribution. EnergCy foor thae lFuture e oric forhorit om thpecifie aut Committee on the Strategic Assessment of the U.S. Department of mposed from XML files created frng styles, and other typesetting-snt version of this publication as th ComBmoairsds ioonn NEoanEnt eniEoregnnrygga iylan 'Rnse deeC rsEioenanaglrv cPiahrnro odCng moTruaeemncnchtianlli cSayls Steymstsems en recos, headie the pri eks bau as brese n of the original work hnal; line lengths, word dentally inserted. Plea epresentatioe to the origive been acci s new digital rbreaks are truerrors may ha ut this PDF file: Thisetting files. Page some typographic NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Abotypeand Washington, D.C. 1995 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html ii ald, ne gin he orie retai NNOATTIICOEN: ATLhe A pCroAjeDctE tMhaYt i sP tRhEe SsuSb 2je1c0t1 o Cf tohniss trietpuotirot nw Aasv aep.,p Nro.Wve.d W bya sthhein Ggotovner, n DinCg B20o4a1rd8 of the e original paper book, not from tc formatting, however, cannot bhoritative version for attribution. 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Page some typographic Cover photograph courtesy of NASA. Abotypeand Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html iii ald, ne gin he orie retai COMMITTEE ON THE STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF ginal paper book, not from tmatting, however, cannot bative version for attribution. JEODHWPCENAona lgrPRinTic.Dne yHLge, S eiOeEr.a i NRMnn UgdGUe, W.BlMSlDoIE.Nnai rDLs e,Us LcVaEnt,cio icPhvrCeu,eA- hsrCaesCRhititetraysTn,Pi ,tIr PMePnR, rrsPio tOtErtiffsoteoubNGfsrteuse sTRor sgEoro hAfOnrE ,T,e M PmFrMegece yn*eEhr cnintNhsauoyanslEnlo,dv igR c ayDanEG,li e naCEpvYnaaimrgr'otSimbnn remCeiednerOgtin netoAgafl a LCnSdht euPmduibieclsai,cl e oric forhorit MORREL H. COHEN, Senior Scientific Advisor, Corporate Research Science mposed from XML files created from thng styles, and other typesetting-specifint version of this publication as the aut ARJPMOEO.A HTBUDELJEDBSNEeRcRanEee rRibtvWspIN ehTCTeoianlrNyr..r eEoc atLDhLeYmn teosUmDA. e,m r Cin.RTeHEe ,tnK hSsML,APt ,eEAaI LeL cEElPNn mEILPx,neN ,R,xoAon s TPocyMlnGsioOrnlscsvoAe y oySCaRfnlc,NenvH eoieMsiaar,rs,sa atnp eoaelVioaE sr aDrr,sMix caaSc eehtceDatiac aoh nnauetPnuane tpf,srig d oaveUeNe rrsetErt ntia ,Rmsdn ip veDeI geenensAinrirenstvrts,ltaee i tiilorceett lcuytrfreFohn it,,n eCo r,aUI ,gs tlo hCisnl vfeiCi i onlmevT/olo CHeleimieFrssecysgtepnhrdieetyatnry deno,oo rsyfP l Lt o,GoaE efgcrAohaekykrnrin, gt enhCDhrE aa aaenUntnmvidedoneabr nliglMrove,iy pe,di DrmngNseaueieertnknywadetl, en recos, headie the pri GEOPIRnosGwtiEetur tTCe., o PPmRaplEoa SnATyl,Ot oCN, hC,a aVrlloiifctoteer ,nP iNraeosritdhe nCta, r oGliennaeration, Electric Power Research eks bau as brese ERIC H. REICHL, Consultant, Princeton, New Jersey epresentation of the original work he to the original; line lengths, word ve been accidentally inserted. Plea LJLLHOAAiAaHRRRisGSBMUNRROoeeen nYYarLcoitvsMvh eDl iPoefrtcD.er igrAe aHslo.is li PcWmGs,.t a yA WPrSl O Sot ePYCahOucaOan,Heibp rOdeT Vko,BOn DTEdIicoBncyEFceace Eo NOHr. ,naRPd ,RoSon r TloKmedadV,snn i,iiiC n cEdcFEg DheenSrn n aagCuieitnriPrr oenrcvmarcmgeienesteyayosdpcrn i,r oaiad , nMMn ,ne g ayCdnFa,on, t an ur,dEIT lgaen ingaflh c oSvnee.SEr,rtit nacro SnPotioiwtgeeafen. ni nnLnmRc,Gne oeeWseeesusynr oeieilPtslnavsao,rrga tolgMc n VghSiisair ayitsaarn ,ssg mndtSoide nu,tm aiWrEDDatiesneee vpvsUitaer rlnootVinmpvmimeerrgneesnitinn ttotyai,afl, s new digital rbreaks are truerrors may ha PMJJAIrLAoMLjHe EWcAStD I SZLEtUSaVOfCfANCN,H SMEtTuAdTNyO ID,, SiDreeincreitoocrrt oPrrogram Officer ut this PDF file: Thisetting files. Page some typographic WANENN DCYO VOARLRT, ,P Croojnescut lAtisnsgi sEtadnittor Abotypeand Tu*c sMona,r sthearv eWd .o Gn itlhleil acnodm, mViitcteee Pfrroomvo Ostc tfoobr eAr 1c9ad9e3m thicro uAgfhfa Airsp,r iUl 1n9iv9e4r.sity of Arizona, Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html iv ald, ne gin he orie retai BOARD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ginal paper book, not from tmatting, however, cannot bative version for attribution. HSRTI. CEMHPWIIH.nnH Aa(tsaHewtERsirhtUNnaDuiiaBnt i tegDi),oA tHC.on .na hUBl,i MABcDCaBNE.geCAnoS, .t,ER ePIRrlDr leVif,sno iCEord ih,e sHanViitrg i,hac Pn eTrd-eC escChidhaheniirnoe,tf l o aPgEnyadxr etCRcnhueeistrei,ev fa erE cxOhCe foc(fvPuicitInieCvgrHe,t oOT nGRf f)ai&,cs e HrR,oB e nPusoaerllcauiirnlfcugihc,, e oric forhorit ROBREeRsoTu Drc.e Bs IAnNstKituSt,e P, Wrogarsahmin gDtoirne,c Dto.rC, . Technology and Environment, World om thpecifie aut ALLEN J. BARD, Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at mposed from XML files created frng styles, and other typesetting-snt version of this publication as th BJDLFARIAANNARVDARDaN NBBInAaDuaeCAEdftps iaOYtCRaMoEeirnnIE.Al.t iS, amD sA CD lsR eO,iLHaA ln.CelL aEtiNBs hbfAo,UoioAI feOrNErZ nfRCaLr ,EitSl Kiao,aSv, c nrOtiLiyaldeH V.,fnoEB feLt,I na.i ECi Fsgdv(tnHli,,Peo n v r,rrNei meirPedGaoaroaactnierirnhmoetogn),nt e,eeCa MnrUcl,at h Aaenl nilaiBf uivdoOcdaeerarufrnrlkfssb iiio acotPPvyenri rro oco,S ghff o re MTcaasiemnsaexodrtsatry ,i Ys ,no N LaafMtp ae CA,wwa Cirur viYeseointltnoi tcnasrEeku, n,lE tgLNaliiennevctewester,r ormY inSnooigacrrn,kes en recos, headie the pri RCHOABERRLTE SL .D H. IKROSLCSHT, ACDon, sPurlotafnest,s o Wr, a Dsheipnagrttomn,e nDt. Cof. Economics, University of eks California-Santa Barbara bau as brese JANE C.S. LONG, Staff Scientist, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley epresentation of the original work he to the original; line lengths, word ve been accidentally inserted. Plea SSTLR.HHAU LORTLLCUCDORHM. aooenMY bAvrrAi(pnvoC eOS.oeerl YaoR lrTrlstaDNp) .EoiUt mti.ErCy oyMneU OPnK,ion vA,EMB'f ,tRe P ,IPADe rOSAr srABiriEkinUNritYeezeLyccR,loce, ,,eh tn tKRIyoottaeV,hreEVn, l, Cga, i,Ti G ccecNGauPeanelrec ,lirot of'owsNsuoPbof Ppr eeranPJner,wsle eris sIraoCs inosYdifcelrdeei,.oymes ,n rs nStkaoC,t at rein, v aCi FRnlH hrdeaaay snnndecdgaMri eorsEc claPohonnrg ,vao yCgi(gr Reoraaraelnn imtmfdioro, ee rfWAnnd it)raaa,gR tlo eeMnErs nneoReagb eriNicnslo heau etRirroic&annengaDsdl,, s new digital rbreaks are truerrors may ha MHAARRLAOCarLbb HooDrr. a RHtoO.r ySS,CS A,H rPOgrooBnfEensRes,To Ir,l, l iC nPhohaiysirsmicasn D, e Fpuaretlm Secnite,n Ucensi vPerrosigtrya mof, MDiecphairgtamne, nAt nonf ut this PDF file: Thisetting files. Page some typographic MUnaitveeriraslisty SPcaireknce and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Abotypeand Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html v ald, ne gin he orie retai JOELC oSoPpIeRrAsb,u Crgh,a Piremnannsy alnvdan Diairector of Research, Lutron Electronics Co., Inc., ginal paper book, not from tmatting, however, cannot bative version for attribution. JLJJBOOOoiaHNHairsTUN NdoMen n Anoi.sBv nn. V efe. To ErsEsrIsWniLIe ttGeeyLhAr,EIe gCPN LyCiHG ,s aocTPHnmaMrtdAeam swASEiidTsanNesy,v ,in,P oi trNrn,Jo eR e nsoOwi.nmd, a eJEeknSen nrtoRt,sg sae iimTlydn Sigaeleyntee srcAtiP,en smPrgsoo osafrc entSissadtsmtao eTofrdf ue ctUohhfn, n iNivCceeaewrlrs a iSHtmiyeaissmct,se p,Om sahs kirR eRuitdggeres, om the oripecific fore authorit STHUHESELARENNO NNJOA FH ECNILSSATOR, NPEr,N oAjDedcOmt NAin,si sAstirsdatmatinvintei sAtrsastoivceia Atessistant mposed from XML files created frng styles, and other typesetting-snt version of this publication as th MAWJTJIARMLAEMALNHE ECWLDASYIYDIA ZLW E OUSMVIORCLAARNCSTN,O,H HP PNMEIrrSoTo,A j,gSTe NPrecOanrtImo ,,i A ojSD eOrsec isnPrftie fisrAoicotcartgse onsPrrrtiarsmotag nOratfmfi cOefrficer en recos, headie the pri eks bau as brese n of the original work hnal; line lengths, word dentally inserted. Plea epresentatioe to the origive been acci s new digital rbreaks are truerrors may ha ut this PDF file: Thisetting files. Page some typographic Abotypeand Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html vi ald, ne gin he orie retai ginal paper book, not from tmatting, however, cannot bative version for attribution. e oric forhorit om thpecifie aut mposed from XML files created frng styles, and other typesetting-snt version of this publication as th en recos, headie the pri eks bau as brese n of the original work hnal; line lengths, word dentally inserted. Plea epresentatioe to the origive been acci s new digital rbreaks are truerrors may ha ut this PDF file: Thisetting files. Page some typographic Abotypeand Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html PREFACE vii ald, ne gin ginal paper book, not from the orimatting, however, cannot be retaiative version for attribution. This report was prepared in rePsproensfea toc ae request by the U.S. Department of om the oripecific fore authorit ED(EnOPeEArg CycT o(a)D,l OpaErnod)g. rTtaomh er evpcirsoi-nmàc-mivpieasnl dtoh betj hepecr toievvmeisspi ohonafs sti hso ef a sntthdue d pyEr niwoeerrigrteyie tsPo otahlsiacstye s DsA OtchtEe o cfsu h1ror9ue9nl2dt mposed from XML files created frng styles, and other typesetting-snt version of this publication as th ccrftcslhooechoogenreamn nagnspnrma-igrAIdtderoteeeiiee o nrdrwdrmcsguw ia si ctfn,aitst oottr h2l shu airae0 z c tptms 2eaohdftsgt1iunrauiamie-onttmtc2ureinue on 0re .tfelg( i4da mR p A0c tsihlttDtu.eahscue pn cDpar sp eoteet& lrdrnrcyadi fvCoo tfoieairand)rrognl g os amid:lnwcc y nr m tpp,oeeit rvhlsueaiateiencrlhtnd-aseitet eaer ef cnosl or sc hofmrfioo , mto cc um,r obopr1 cmmcedaa9e olec9pi.rsavtte5,e tle se- totlsoi2eeofnhu 0 cpgowr0hgm cu5neeaelne;nods nemeltl oeibrtrm, aigge dstyi iet-cbt rtdedasaeed elosar mmesumodtdrpro,usc ap2on.ret io0nsesTntr,g0 rg tahi6tau schet-nts ise2huoiep t0emnd ils2efa,ee pas0nm ,ct; nti tiaaaaoiomnnnnnnrddgddess en recos, headie the pri pueseriso, das.l thSouupgphli eps roicfe ds omwielsl tilci knealtyu rianlc greaas swe ebree ctaaukseen otof bien cardeeaqseuda tef ifnodri ncgu rraenndt eks production costs. Imported oil also was assumed to be available at a price that is bau as brese likely to be more uncertain and that will probably increase faster than that of epresentation of the original work he to the original; line lengths, word ve been accidentally inserted. Plea csgifednnutoneelr oeapvatehlblraeis.-reamn .T,oT ldc nhswhoe meennfa r tevroc mmneoomtrnomiasn slictlmgothyo ne iiaaa ts eltp cn efescpefexyeire cpsopadietlptesesacr nmobtiacea lnsaydet des wocts oooufor pamcopulpolrl eetoodade r vlc tiifttunhdoohncne raerio ttela lieDat oehpcssgOteeo ri f weiErowcse er ,qip rtiatufohnesuiw c rltrhe iededmdnrqer oviuealvle.neio irvldInegoen gdicpl c lpifboaenoaylafg rr n ac tcEi deogccP vnuaofAatoslsraneCrtor oci,lTeu m ctom,soh pf imae esran nopsildtvslte r seitlwouniimtqnea iugtev shoniltedyeef,t s new digital rbreaks are truerrors may ha ut this PDF file: Thisetting files. Page some typographic Abotypeand Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html PREFACE viii ald, ne gin he orie retai mouitds-i,d ea nDd OloEn.g -Cteormm ppaerirsioond s oafn dD oOnE dopmroegsrtaicm sa ndan fdo repilgann s RwDiDth& Cth epsreo gorathmesr ginal paper book, not from tmatting, however, cannot bative version for attribution. aspiitEnonecod gfttwJwo iebvarteaynimhArtr u iedEategar tsPt eRrih,yonwA ue wne ib1Crf tii9ahibTtnrth9 sai , 4aof tsRt o e,nch row. ope mabm rTrnceesidwtmosr itte mnh ofinHgute mtt efaeabulgleitsaltir r,to msto eshGinuueseese 'bpesr fog f otirsrcmrrnogtoo rgtmeeuamh etpiPe entmD irgca neNiOiongtsctmdot E eo vpiem tnnelhs a, tmmie anJtA tofbnseefptheiee rnranrt'aisi gn ltn1 W e rdg9sega cs9octoy te3oot einha mtnnatane denrmrdMneids od, ep paasHn o,trrbd lcoataiyahhrcvnt o eyiiddJloa dm osennw uhddSsebni. ectag hMthnirL ono taoebghuysnesep s rg ,oe1tg w,nfb9 o atoe9tainhlta4llhdesl,, e oric forhorit National Research Council staff, permitted the committee to develop and refine om thpecifie aut iTtsh ec oranpcildu spioances aatn dw hreiccho mthmise cnodmatpiolenxs taansdk twoa ass csoemmbpllee tead f uclall lderda ffto or fa thhieg hre lpeovretl. mposed from XML files created frng styles, and other typesetting-snt version of this publication as th oiacannodfv dnvo tiprclJCCDaivOeboore rtHumaa.mi lnctN miPJiedop arni Pntocamtt.sgoet Lib,eern oatys Osonmo uN gtnZhle GtbueatthyWhc tNeic eo EhracSn Letwot,itr Lomtwaio,ntt hmee,Ca g rlHtiaei htcRn tAo nedeAIsoeR se tsete shoamweefrsc e osthmmhprt erehCbo nymejote r uaasconn ntf d cyatai hnhlDs edisp gO irUshoEtf.lagoSy nsrr. at ata,Dmp vfpefMi pgormeaofsrcf.ert iimomcaWuetebesrneesd tn,r . asodDn fyw rd .Eh OJnopier lrprrlog .r Wy-oTa'vscihiltdseiovesndee en recos, headie the pri eks bau as brese n of the original work hnal; line lengths, word dentally inserted. Plea epresentatioe to the origive been acci s new digital rbreaks are truerrors may ha ut this PDF file: Thisetting files. Page some typographic Abotypeand Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html CONTENTS ix ald, ne gin ginal paper book, not from the orimatting, however, cannot be retaiative version for attribution. Contents om the oripecific fore authorit EXECTSUthrTea tIDeVgOiEcE SP CUlaoMnanl MiPnrgAogRrYam 123 mposed from XML files created frng styles, and other typesetting-snt version of this publication as th PART 1I StrIaNteTSTRESPCgRyothPeliuecswefOAda et PeeEnyDrCmerl n TaSFUnGesncucC reoAenegTnsplyinsneeI aOrPfg alaro yNotnfilsomdoi icArs n Oy CCN bAooDjacea ltclS toCivfO e1sP99E2 OF THE STUDY 221111110954316 en recos, headie the pri CThoea lC Roemsemairtcthee a'sn dA Dppervoealcohpment 2232 eks Organization of the Report 25 bau as brese References 25 epresentation of the original work he to the original; line lengths, word ve been accidentally inserted. Plea 2 OVRSDTMPEuRheORamfeOjeEV oDmrG'resI OEa nRTSrcWErAyteer asMnC OtdoeSsFga liiAUc nP N .PtrShoDl.aeg Dn rPDnaELmOinPAE gASN tCRrNuoTIcaMNtlu GPErerNo aTgnr daO mBF uEdNgeEtRGY 333222763977 s new digital rbreaks are truerrors may ha ut this PDF file: Thisetting files. Page some typographic Abotypeand Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Coal: Energy for the Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4918.html CONTENTS x ald, ne gin he orie retai 3 TRDENomDeSs tAicN aDnd I SInStUerEnSat iFoOnaRl MFUaTrkUetRsE COAL USE 3388 ginal paper book, not from tmatting, however, cannot bative version for attribution. 4 THBRSEOCCEuneaoot ShmfsvaaeeeTllim rrlrUUReio nUannAssercmeesy Tee SffessEtoon roGrrat fatLDI elCC igoIqo simPucsa iLuelPdesA ltsaaiN ncnf odnNEr iGl nICeNgaco GstSarei cloFc eUuiRntsysaA e FrGiMuoeesEnlseWraOtiRonK 6666555442416431 e oric forhorit Alternative Scenarios 65 om thpecifie aut AScdedniatiroion aIlm Cprliitceartiiao tnos Sfoert NRDatDio&naCl CPolaanl nRinDgD&C Pri- 6698 en recomposed from XML files created frs, heading styles, and other typesetting-se the print version of this publication as th PART I65I OvCCerLOvRFRCCCAEAieReeoooANLwffaaaoONeeD lllr P rr-bMoi P eeLtRFeCfinnr ideUEeCOCqccs pMeePuEOuAassiALrdrAeLarS RtBMtLhe iAnAaoEintnTxND eDtI uD ORMOr eNeSEEscP,oT CECvHCOeoAraIAyAlN LPLE-rTL oRYIgQE rPCUaRmOIODVsD MEURICXYTTSURES, 78887771541955 eks bau Gasification of Coal 86 n of the original work has nal; line lengths, word bredentally inserted. Please 7 ELRFCPPEirrCeonoofaCTdddelio ruuRnReaccIgnelttCssscf ieffPnsrreOoormmWie sDCE aoRinrae dlGc- tDCE LoeNirpqEirvuoReeddAfua TGcctIta iOSosyNns atenmd sPyrolysis of 11111110009136926 epresentatioe to the origive been acci IIFPnnluttuleeivggderriraazittezeededd-d B GGCeaaodssa iiClff iioSccmaayttsiibtooeunnms tFCisouoneml bCienleld S-yCsytecmle sSystems 111122118944 s new digital rbreaks are truerrors may ha RECMmeoafmgiesnrbseeuinotsocnthei oCsyndo rTnotudrroybln iTnameescihcn Poolowgeire sGeneration 111143336482 ut this PDF file: Thisetting files. Page some typographic Abotypeand Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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