CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2015

548 Pages·2015·9.38 MB·English

by  International Energy Agency

I E A S T A T I S T I C S
Please note that this PDF is subject to
specific restrictions that limit its use and
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2015
EDITION
CO EMISSIONS
2
FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
Secure
Sustainable
Together
2015
EDITION
CO EMISSIONS
2
FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
In recognition of fundamental changes in the way governments approach energy
related environmental issues, the IEA has prepared this publication on CO emissions
2
from fuel combustion. This annual publication was first published in 1997 and has
become an essential tool for analysts and policy makers in many international fora
such as the Conference of the Parties, which will be meeting in Paris, France from 30
November to 11 December 2015.
The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the
emissions of CO from 1971 to 2013 for more than 140 countries and regions by
2
sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the
default methods and emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
(61 2015 29 1 E1) €132
ISBN 978-92-64-24596-9
ISSN 2219-9446
-:HSTCQE=WYZ^[^:
2015
EDITION
CO EMISSIONS
2
FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.
Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member
countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative
research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member
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its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.
The Agency’s aims include the following objectives:
n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,
through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.
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to climate change.
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energy data.
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and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy
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Page02_2015_20x27_NB_STATS.indd 1 02-12-2014 15:35:44
CO EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2015 Edition) - iii
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FOREWORD
In recent years, we have seen a fundamental shift in the way governments around the world approach energy-
related environmental issues. Promoting sustainable development and combating climate change have become
integral aspects of energy planning, analysis and policy making both within International Energy Agency (IEA)
member countries, and beyond. Because energy accounts for two-thirds of total greenhouse gas emissions and
80% of CO , any effort to reduce emissions and mitigate climate change must include the energy sector. As a
2
result, climate change has become a key focus of IEA work.
Any energy-related policy to address climate change needs to be based on accurate data. In the lead-up to the UN
climate negotiations at COP 21 in Paris, France, the latest information on the level and growth of CO emissions
2
from fuel combustion, their source and geographic distribution will be essential in laying the foundation for a
global agreement.
Therefore, the IEA Secretariat has prepared this publication to provide the most comprehensive estimates of CO
2
emissions from fuel combustion across the world and across the sectors of the global economy. The purpose of
this publication is to place up-to-date and detailed information in the hands of those who need it, including in
particular the participants and decision makers in the UNFCCC process.
Most of the data presented in this publication are for CO emissions from fuel combustion only. Therefore, they
2
may differ from countries' official greenhouse gas inventory submissions to the UNFCCC Secretariat, which
include emissions of other greenhouse gases and from other sources.
This edition includes data from 1971 to 2013 for more than 140 countries and regions worldwide, by sector and by
fuel; as well as a number of CO -related indicators. It is our hope that this breakdown will assist the reader in
2
better understanding the evolution of emissions worldwide.
The IEA will continue to provide evidence-based policy recommendations on climate change and to provide
accurate data to shape the debate.

Fatih Birol
Executive Director

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What’s New?
Updates of methodologies
In this edition, the IEA has transitioned from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines,
in line with Annex I Party reporting to the UNFCCC. The new CO emissions total is now called “CO emis-
2 2
sions from fuel combustion”. For further information on the impact of this changeover, see Part I, Chapter 3:
IEA estimates: Changes under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Revisions to data: People’s Republic of China
In September 2015, the National Bureau of Statistics of China published China’s energy statistics for 2013, as
well as revised statistics for the years 2000 to 2012. NBS supplied the IEA with detailed energy balances for
2011 to 2013. Using these, the IEA revised its 2011-2013 data based on these newly available figures, as pub-
lished in this document. The revisions show significant changes both on the supply and demand side for a num-
ber of energy products, resulting in breaks in time series between 2010 and 2011. Revised data for the years
2000-2010 will be published in the next edition of this publication.
The revised energy balances released by the NBS integrate findings from a national economic census for all
years since 2000. These revised data solve several detailed issues, most importantly the unallocated coal de-
mand that appeared in the recent years of the Chinese energy balance (shown as statistical difference), has been
primarily allocated to final consumption in the industrial sector.
Indicators: decomposition of emissions from electricity generation
In this edition, new graphs present a decomposition of the change in CO emissions from electricity generation
2
over time into the sum of the change in four drivers: CO intensity of the fossil fuel mix, fossil fuel share of
2
electricity generation, thermal efficiency of fossil fuel-fired electricity generation, and total electricity output.
This decomposition helps to assess the relative contributions of these different factors in trends in CO emis-
2
sions from electricity generation.
The layout of the country graphs in Part II has been modified accordingly. For a complete description of the
methodology used, please see Part I, Chapter 2: Indicator sources and methods.
Geographical coverage
The IEA continues to try to expand the coverage of its statistics reports and encourage more countries to col-
laborate on data exchange. This year data have become available for Niger from 2000 to 2013, and have been
included in this edition. Therefore Niger, published separately, has been removed from the region Other Africa
for those years.
Data have also become available for South Sudan for the years 2012 and 2013. Therefore data for Sudan and
South Sudan are presented separately for those years. In addition, data for the former Netherlands Antilles have
been separated into its constituent islands from 2012 onwards. Data for Curaçao include the former Netherlands
Antilles until 2011, after which data refer to Curaçao only, with data for the remaining islands (Bonaire, Saba,
Saint Eustatius and Sint Maarten) included in Other Non-OECD Americas.
In addition, in accordance with Decision 10/CP.17 of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (effective
from 9 January 2013), Cyprus1 has been included in the Annex I regional grouping in this publication.

1. Please refer to Part I, Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

2013 CO EMISSIONS OVERVIEW
2
Key trends in CO emissions from fuel combustion ............................................................................................... xiii
2
PART I: METHODOLOGY
1. Understanding the IEA CO emissions 3. IEA estimates: Changes under the 2006 IPCC
2
estimates ........................................................... I.3 Guidelines ....................................................... I.21
2. Indicator sources and methods ....................... I.13 4. Units and conversions ..................................... I.27
5. Geographical coverage ................................... I.29
PART II: CO EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
2
SUMMARY TABLES
Total CO emissions from fuel combustion ............ II.4 Population ............................................................. II.40
2
CO emissions from international marine CO emissions /TPES .......................................... II.43
2 2
bunkers ........................................................... II.16 CO emissions /TFC ............................................ II.46
2
CO emissions from international aviation CO emissions /GDP ............................................ II.49
2 2
bunkers ........................................................... II.19 CO emissions /population ................................... II.55
2
CO emissions by sector in 2013 .......................... II.22 Per capita emissions by sector in 2013 ................. II.58
2
CO emissions with electricity and heat Electricity output .................................................. II.61
2
allocated to consuming sectors in 2013 ......... II.25 CO emissions per kWh ........................................ II.64
2
Total primary energy supply ................................. II.28 CO emissions and drivers
2
GDP ....................................................................... II.34 (Kaya decomposition) .................................... II.76
GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TOTALS
World .................................................................... II.96 OECD Europe ..................................................... II.120
Annex I Parties .................................................. II.98 European Union - 28 ........................................... II.122
Annex II Parties ........................................... II.100
Non-OECD Total ................................................ II.124
North America ......................................... II.102
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia ......................... II.126
Europe ..................................................... II.104
Africa .................................................................. II.128
Asia Oceania ........................................... II.106
Asia (excluding China) ....................................... II.130
Economies in Transition.............................. II.108
Non-Annex I Parties ........................................ II.110 China (including Hong Kong, China) ................. II.132
Annex I Kyoto Parties ..................................... II.112 Non-OECD Americas ......................................... II.134
OECD Total ........................................................ II.114 Middle East ......................................................... II.136
OECD Americas .................................................. II.116 G20 ..................................................................... II.138
OECD Asia Oceania ........................................... II.118
COUNTRY TABLES
Albania ................................................................ II.142 Austria ................................................................ II.154
Algeria ................................................................. II.144 Azerbaijan ........................................................... II.156
Angola ................................................................. II.146 Bahrain ............................................................... II.158
Argentina ............................................................. II.148 Bangladesh ......................................................... II.160
Armenia ............................................................... II.150 Belarus ................................................................ II.162
Australia .............................................................. II.152 Belgium .............................................................. II.164
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
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Benin ................................................................... II.166 Jamaica ............................................................... II.272
Plurinational State of Bolivia .............................. II.168 Japan ................................................................... II.274
Bosnia and Herzegovina...................................... II.170 Jordan ................................................................. II.276
Botswana ............................................................. II.172 Kazakhstan ......................................................... II.278
Brazil ................................................................... II.174 Kenya .................................................................. II.280
Brunei Darussalam .............................................. II.176 Korea .................................................................. II.282
Bulgaria ............................................................... II.178 Kosovo ................................................................ II.284
Cambodia ............................................................ II.180 Kuwait ................................................................ II.286
Cameroon ............................................................ II.182 Kyrgyzstan .......................................................... II.288
Canada ................................................................. II.184 Latvia .................................................................. II.290
Chile .................................................................... II.186 Lebanon .............................................................. II.292
People’s Republic of China ................................. II.188 Libya ................................................................... II.294
Colombia ............................................................. II.190 Lithuania ............................................................. II.296
Congo .................................................................. II.192 Luxembourg ....................................................... II.298
Costa Rica ........................................................... II.194 Malaysia ............................................................. II.300
Côte d’Ivoire ....................................................... II.196 Malta ................................................................... II.302
Croatia ................................................................. II.198 Mauritius ............................................................. II.304
Cuba .................................................................... II.200 Mexico ................................................................ II.306
Curaçao ............................................................... II.202 Republic of Moldova .......................................... II.308
Cyprus ................................................................. II.204 Mongolia ............................................................. II.310
Czech Republic ................................................... II.206 Montenegro ......................................................... II.312
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ............. II.208 Morocco .............................................................. II.314
Democratic Republic of Congo ........................... II.210 Mozambique ....................................................... II.316
Denmark .............................................................. II.212 Myanmar ............................................................. II.318
Dominican Republic ............................................ II.214 Namibia .............................................................. II.320
Ecuador ............................................................... II.216 Nepal................................................................... II.322
Egypt ................................................................... II.218 Netherlands ......................................................... II.324
El Salvador .......................................................... II.220 New Zealand ....................................................... II.326
Eritrea .................................................................. II.222 Nicaragua ............................................................ II.328
Estonia ................................................................. II.224 Niger ................................................................... II.330
Ethiopia ............................................................... II.226 Nigeria ................................................................ II.332
Finland ................................................................ II.228 Norway ............................................................... II.334
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia .......... II.230 Oman .................................................................. II.336
France .................................................................. II.232 Pakistan............................................................... II.338
Gabon .................................................................. II.234 Panama ............................................................... II.340
Georgia ................................................................ II.236 Paraguay ............................................................. II.342
Germany .............................................................. II.238 Peru ..................................................................... II.344
Ghana .................................................................. II.240 Philippines .......................................................... II.346
Gibraltar .............................................................. II.242 Poland ................................................................. II.348
Greece ................................................................. II.244 Portugal............................................................... II.350
Guatemala ........................................................... II.246 Qatar ................................................................... II.352
Haiti ..................................................................... II.248 Romania .............................................................. II.354
Honduras ............................................................. II.250 Russian Federation ............................................. II.356
Hong Kong, China .............................................. II.252 Saudi Arabia ....................................................... II.358
Hungary ............................................................... II.254 Senegal ............................................................... II.360
Iceland ................................................................. II.256 Serbia .................................................................. II.362
India .................................................................... II.258 Singapore ............................................................ II.364
Indonesia ............................................................. II.260 Slovak Republic .................................................. II.366
Islamic Republic of Iran ...................................... II.262 Slovenia .............................................................. II.368
Iraq ...................................................................... II.264 South Africa ........................................................ II.370
Ireland ................................................................. II.266 South Sudan ........................................................ II.372
Israel .................................................................... II.268 Spain ................................................................... II.374
Italy ..................................................................... II.270 Sri Lanka ............................................................ II.376
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Sudan ................................................................... II.378 Turkmenistan ...................................................... II.402
Sweden ................................................................ II.380 Ukraine ............................................................... II.404
Switzerland .......................................................... II.382 United Arab Emirates ......................................... II.406
Syrian Arab Republic .......................................... II.384 United Kingdom ................................................. II.408
Chinese Taipei ..................................................... II.386 United States ....................................................... II.410
Tajikistan ............................................................. II.388 Uruguay .............................................................. II.412
United Republic of Tanzania ............................... II.390 Uzbekistan .......................................................... II.414
Thailand .............................................................. II.392 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ...................... II.416
Togo .................................................................... II.394 Viet Nam ............................................................ II.418
Trinidad and Tobago ........................................... II.396 Yemen................................................................. II.420
Tunisia ................................................................. II.398 Zambia ................................................................ II.422
Turkey ................................................................. II.400 Zimbabwe ........................................................... II.424
PART III: GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS
1. Trends in GHG emissions ............................. III.3 3. Total GHG emissions .................................. III.19
2. Sources and methods ..................................... III.9

Kyoto Protocol base years
The year 1990 should be the base year for the estimation and reporting of inventories.
According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2
and 11/CP.4, the following Annex I Parties that are undergoing the process of transi-
tion to a market economy, are allowed to use a base year or a period of years other
than 1990, as follows:
Bulgaria: to use 1988
Hungary: to use the average of the years 1985 to 1987
Poland: to use 1988
Romania: to use 1989
Slovenia: to use 1986

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
viii - CO EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2015 Edition)
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ABBREVIATIONS
Btu: British thermal unit
GJ: gigajoule
GtC: gigatonnes of carbon
GWh: gigawatt hour
J: joule
kcal: kilocalorie
kg: kilogramme
kt: thousand tonnes
ktoe: thousand tonnes of oil equivalent
kWh: kilowatt hour
MJ: megajoule
Mt: million tonnes
MtCO: million tonnes of carbon dioxide
2
Mtoe: million tonnes of oil equivalent
m3: cubic metre
PJ: petajoule
t: metric ton = tonne = 1 000 kg
tC: tonne of carbon
Tcal: teracalorie
TJ: terajoule
toe: tonne of oil equivalent = 107 kcal
BKB: brown coal briquettes (braunkohlebriketts)
CEF: carbon emission factor
CHP: combined heat and power
GCV: gross calorific value
GDP: gross domestic product
HHV: higher heating value = GCV
LHV: lower heating value = NCV
NCV: net calorific value
PPP: purchasing power parity
TPES: total primary energy supply
Annex I: See Chapter 4, Geographical coverage
Annex II: See Chapter 4, Geographical coverage
CDM: Clean Development Mechanism
Convention: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
COP: Conference of the Parties to the Convention
EITs: Economies in Transition (see Chapter 4, Geographical coverage)
G20: Group of Twenty (see Chapter 4, Geographical coverage)
IEA: International Energy Agency
IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
UN: United Nations
UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
e estimated
.. not available
- nil
x not applicable
+ growth greater than 1 000%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY