co-operation at home and abroad

546 Pages·2012·14.35 MB·English

CO-OPERATION AT
HOME AND ABROAD

CO-OPERATION AT
HOME AND ABROAD
A DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS
VOLUME II. 1908-1938
BY
C. R. FAY, MA, D.Sc.
Reader in Economic History, University of Cambridge ; formerly Professor of Economic
History, University of Toronto
rf'^^'
LONDON:
P. S. KING & SON, LTD.
ORCHARD HOUSE, WESTMINSTER
1939
Vtrsl 'Published . . igsg
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
PREFACE
I HAVE to thank the Leverhulme Foundation for
grants which facilitated visits to Europe and the
East; and the staff of the Horace Plunkett Founda
tion for the Supplement on Agricultural Co-operation
in Europe and the Index.
There are great gaps in the narrative—South
America, South Africa, Egypt, China, Japan—which
are represented by no more than an allusion or a
footnote; and to these, perhaps, I should add
Russia, since I know it only at second hand. But
the volume was formidably long already, and to
have included yet more countries would have
exhausted the reader not less than the writer.
It is necessary to add that the manuscript left
the author's hands before the outbreak of the
international crisis.
C. R. FAY
CAMBRIDGE
October, 1938.
CONTENTS
PART I
GENERAL
CHAPTER I p^^^
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . .. 3
1908-1938—Arrangement of Vol. II.
CHAPTER II
EVOLUTION OF THE CO-OPERATIVE IDEA . . . .. 8
Origins—Owen and Fourier—America—The German Credit
Bank—Christian Socialism—Mitchell and Consumers' Theory—
Gide—Horace Plunkett and Ireland—Denmark—" Compulsory-
Co-operation "—The Canadian Wheat Pools—India—The
Colonies.
CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS OF THE CO-OPERATIVE FORM . . . . . 32
The Consuming Family—The Family Farm—The Co-operative
Synthesis—Economies of Consumers' Co-operation—Economies
of Agricultural Co-operation—Marketing of Californian Fruit—
Consumers' Purchase Dividend—Its Application to Agriculture.
PART II
INDUSTRIAL CO-OPERATION (GREAT BRITAIN AND EUROPE)
CHAPTER IV
A PICTURE OF THE ENGLISH RETAIL MOVEMENT . . . - 67
Liverpool—Woolwich—Cambridge—Crewe — Preston — Black
pool—The Lakes.
CHAPTER V
KETTERING AND COPARTNERSHIP . . . . . .. 86
K.I.C.S.—Corby—Copartnership Movement—Co-ordination of
Producer and Consumer.
CHAPTER VI
THE REPORT ON CONSUMERS' CO-OPERATION IN GREAT BRITAIN . I08
Recent History—Economy of Finance—Liability to Income
Tax—Moderation—Responsibility—Variety in Unity—Dove
tailing—Balance—Limitations—Political Activity.
vii
viii CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER VII
FRANCE—BELGIUM—HOLLAND •/'. . . . . .. I25
French Consumers' Movement—Workers' Productive Societies
—Belgian Consumers' Movement—System of Glient—Dutch
Consumers' Movement.
CHAPTER VIII
SWITZERLAND—AUSTRIA—CZECHOSLOVAKIA—HUNGARY . . . I56
The Consumers' Movements—Hungary and Labour Societies.
CHAPTER IX
GERMANY—ITALY—RUSSIA/ . . . . . . • . . 173
The TotaHtarian State—German Consumers' Movement—Urban
Credit—Co-operatives of Hand-Workers—Edeka—Italian Con
sumers' Movement—Labour Societies and Land Reclamation—
Russian Co-operative Movement—Centrosoyns—Incops.
CHAPTER X
THE CO-OPERATIVE'BORDERLAND . . . . . .. 204
Building Societies—Public UtiUties.
PART III
AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATION {ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD)
CHAPTER XI
THE BACKGROUND OF MODERN AGRICULTURE . . . .215
Technique (the New World)—Status (North-west Europe).
.CHAPTER XII
CO-OPERATION AND STATE CONTROL OF MARKETING . . . 24O
State Schemes—Quantitative Regulation—The Significance of
Crop Control.
CHAPTER XIII
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . . . . . .. 244
England and Wales—Scotland—Irish Free State and Ulster.
CHAPTER XIV
THE MARKETING SCHEMES AND CONSUMERS' CO-OPERATION . .258
The English Schemes—Milk—Pigs—The British Consumers'
Movement and Agriculture :—In Denmark—In Canada—In
Australia—In India and Ceylon—In New Zealand—At Home.
CHAPTER XV
THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . .. 278
Farm Credits—Californian Fruits—Cranberry Growers—Live
stock ."arketing—Dairy Produce—Tobacco and Cotton—Pur
chasing and Consumers' Co-operation.
CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER XVI
BEFORE AND AFTER THE A.A.A. . . . . . .. 30I
McNary-Haugen—A.A.A.—Corn and Hog Programme—-Cotton
Programme—Marketing Agreements—Californian Proration—
Tlie Need for Consumers' Co-operation.
CHAPTER XVII
CANADA . . . . . . . . . .. 312
The General Background—Dairy Produce^Fruit and Wool—
Wheat and the Canadian West—The Pool Issue—The New
Movement in the Maritime Provinces.
CHAPTER XVIII
AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . .. 334
Export Economy—The Australian Spirit—Queensland and
Marketing Boards—Paterson Scheme—-Commonwealth Boards—
Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federations—Extent of Co-oper
ation in Australia—Phosphate Company of Australia (Victoria
State)—Westralian Farmers.
CHAPTER XIX
NEW ZEALAND . . . . . . . . .. 349
Mortgage and Farm Credit—Farmers' Organisations—Dairying
—New Zealand Co-operative Dairy Company and National Dairy
Association—Fruit—Meat—Wool—Stock and Station Companies
—Control Boards—Act of 1936.
CHAPTER XX
INDIA . . . . . . . . • . . . 372
The Indian Scene—Credit—Stores—Agricultural Marketing—
Communal Services—Kodinar—Sittang—Co-operation and the
State, y
PART IV
SCANDINAVIAN CO-OPERATION AT CLOSE RANGE
CHAPTER XXI
ICELAND FISH AND OSLO FRUIT . . . . . .. 395
" Baltica "—Iceland—Norway—A Co-operative Auction.
CHAPTER XXII
THE SWEDISH CONSUMERS' MOVEMENT . * . . .. . . 405
A First Impression—Konsum—K.F.—Vdrgdrd and Co-opera
tive Education.
CHAPTER XXIII
THE STOCKHOLM MtLK CENTRAL . . . . . .. 424
Organisation—Milk Levy.
X CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER XXIV
PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS IN AGREEMENT (SWEDEN) . . • 43°
History of Consumers' Movement—History of Producers'
Movement—The Agreements.
CHAPTER XXV
FINLAND, A NATION OF CO-OPERATORS . . . . .. 445
Neutrals and Progressives—PcZkrvo—Analogy- with Canada—
The Credit Central—Agriculture and Forestry—Hankkija—
Selling Centrals for Milk and Meat.
CHAPTER XXVI
DANISH CO-OPERATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE . . . 464
Land Tenure, Technique and Co-operation—Folk Schools—
Learning from Denmark.
PART V
SUPPLEMENT
AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE . . . .. 475
Pre-War Position—War Period—Post-War Changes—Agri
cultural Crisis—Agricultural Co-operation To-day—^Northern
Dairy Group :—Denmark—Norway—Sweden—Iceland—Finland
•—Poland — Baltic States—Netherlands—Switzerland—Central
Credit Group :—Germany—Austria—Hungary—Czechoslovakia
—Yugoslavia—Rumania—Bulgaria—Greece—National Systems :
—Belgium—Italy—Portugal—France—U.S.S.R.—Spain.
INDEX . . . . . . . . . .. 527
PART I
GENERAL