Co-Existence and Co-Release of Classical Neurotransmitters: Ex uno plures PDF
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Co-Existence and Co-Release of Classical Neurotransmitters Rafael Gutierrez Editor Co-Existence and Co-Release of Classical Neurotransmitters Ex uno plures 1 3 Editor RafaelGutierrez CentrodeInvestigaciony EstudiosAvanzados MexicoCity [email protected] ISBN:978-0-387-09621-6 e-ISBN:978-0-387-09622-3 DOI10.1007/978-0-387-09622-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008937802 #SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permissionofthepublisher(SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,evenifthey arenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyare subjecttoproprietaryrights. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateof going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty, expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper springer.com Contents 1 CoexistenceofNeuromessengerMolecules–APerspective........ 1 TomasHo¨kfelt 2 Exunoplures:OutofOne,Many ........................... 15 R.Gutie´rrez 3 MechanismsofSynapseFormation:Activity-DependentSelection ofNeurotransmittersandReceptors.......................... 23 LauraN.BorodinskyandNicholasC.Spitzer 4 Co-ReleaseofNorepinephrineandAcetylcholinebyMammalian SympatheticNeurons:RegulationbyTarget-DerivedSignaling..... 35 JasonA.LutherandSusanJ.Birren 5 GABA,Glycine,andGlutamateCo-ReleaseatDeveloping InhibitorySynapses ...................................... 55 DedaC.GillespieandKarlKandler 6 GABAistheMainNeurotransmitterReleasedfromMossyFiber TerminalsintheDevelopingRatHippocampus ................. 81 VictoriaF.Safiulina,MajidH.Mohajerani,SudhirSivakumaran, andEnricoCherubini 7 PostsynapticDeterminantsofInhibitoryTransmissionatMixed GABAergic/GlycinergicSynapses ........................... 99 Ste´phaneDieudonne´ andMarcoAlbertoDiana 8 GlutamateCo-ReleasebyMonoamineNeurons................. 127 LouisEricTrudeau,Gre´goryDalBo,andJose´ AlfredoMendez 9 DopamineandSerotoninCrosstalkWithintheDopaminergic andSerotonergicSystems.................................. 145 Fu-MingZhouandJohnA.Dani v vi Contents 10 TheDualGlutamatergic/GABAergicPhenotypeofHippocampal GranuleCells........................................... 181 R.Gutie´rrez 11 SynapticCo-ReleaseofATPandGABA...................... 203 S.Hugel,Y.H.Jo,andR.Schlichter 12 TheCo-ReleaseofGlutamateandAcetylcholineintheVertebrate NervousSystem ......................................... 225 Wen-ChangLi 13 ColocalizationandCotransmissionofClassicalNeurotransmitters: AnInvertebratePerspective................................ 243 MarkW.Miller 14 Epluribusunum:OutofMany,One ......................... 263 R.Gutie´rrezandJ.A.Arias-Montan˜o Index..................................................... 273 Contributors Arias-Montan˜o,J.A. DepartmentofPhysiology,BiophysicsandNeuros- ciences,CenterforResearchandAdvancedStudiesoftheNationalPolytechnic Institute,ApartadoPostal14-740,Me´xicoD.F.07000 Birren,SusanJ. DepartmentofBiologyandVolenCenterforComplex Systems,BrandeisUniversity Borodinsky,LauraN. DepartmentofPhysiology&MembraneBiology, UniversityofCaliforniaDavisSchoolofMedicineandInstituteforPediatric RegenerativeMedicine,ShrinersHospitalforChildrenNorthernCalifornia, 2425StocktonBlvd,Sacramento,California95817e-mail: [email protected] Cherubini,Enrico NeurobiologySector,InternationalSchoolforAdvanced Studies,ViaBeirut2–4,34014Trieste,Italye-mail:[email protected] DalBo,Gre´gory DepartmentofPharmacology,CNSResearchGroup, FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al Dani,JohnA. DepartmentofNeuroscience,MenningerDepartmentof PsychiatryandBehavioralScience,BaylorCollegeofMedicine,Houston,TX 77030e-mail:[email protected] Diana,MarcoAlberto Laboratoiredeneurobiology,CNRSUMR8544,Ecole normalesupe´rieure,46rued’Ulm,75005Parise-mail:[email protected] Dieudonne´,Ste´phane Laboratoiredeneurobiologie,CNRSUMR8544,Ecole normalesupe´rieure,46rued’Ulm,75005Paris(France)e-mail: [email protected] Gillespie,DedaC. DepartmentofPsychology,Neuroscience&Behaviour, McMasterUniversity,Hamilton,ONL8S4K1Canadae-mail: [email protected] vii viii Contributors Gutie´rrez,R. DepartmentofPhysiology,BiophysicsandNeurosciences, CenterforResearchandAdvancedStudiesoftheNationalPolytechnicInstitute, PostBox14-740,Me´xicoD.F.07000.E-mail:[email protected] Ho¨kfelt,Tomas DepartmentofNeuroscience,KarolinskaInstitutet,Retziusv. 8,S-17177Stockholm,SWEDEN.E-mail:[email protected] Hugel,S. Universite´ LouisPasteur,InstitutdesNeurosciencesCellulaireset Inte´gratives(INCI),CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique(CNRS), UMR7168,F-67084Strasbourg,France Jo,YH AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicineofYeshivaUniversity,Dept.of Medicine,Div.ofEndocrinology,Bronx,NY10461,New-York,USA,e-mail: [email protected] Kandler,Karl DepartmentofOtolaryngologyandNeurobiology,Schoolof Medicine,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA15213USAe-mail: [email protected] Li,Wen-Chang SchoolofBiology,ButeBuilding,UniversityofStAndrews,St Andrews,Fife,KY16,9TS,UK,e-mail:[email protected] Luther,JasonA. DepartmentofBiologyandVolenCenterforComplex Systems,BrandeisUniversity Mendez,Jose´ Alfredo DepartmentofPharmacology,CNSResearchGroup, FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al Miller,MarkW. InstituteofNeurobiologyandDepartmentofAnatomy& Neurobiology,UniversityofPuertoRico,201BlvddelValle,SanJuan,Puerto Rico00901 Mohajerani,MajidH. NeurobiologySector,InternationalSchoolfor AdvancedStudies,ViaBeirut2–4,34014Trieste,Italy Safiulina,VictoriaF. NeurobiologySector,InternationalSchoolforAdvanced Studies,ViaBeirut2–4,34014Trieste,Italy Schlichter,R. Universite´ LouisPasteur,InstitutdesNeurosciencesCellulaires etInte´gratives(INCI),CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique(CNRS), UMR7168,21rueRene´ Decartes,F-67084Strasbourg,France Sivakumaran,Sudhir NeurobiologySector,InternationalSchoolfor AdvancedStudies,ViaBeirut2–4,34014Trieste,Italy Contributors ix Spitzer,NicholasC. NeurobiologySection,DivisionofBiologicalSciencesand CenterforMolecularGenetics,KavliInstituteforBrainandMind,University ofCalifornia,SanDiego,9500GilmanDrive,LaJolla,California92093. e-mail:[email protected] Trudeau,Louis-Eric DepartmentofPharmacology,CNSResearchGroup, FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al,Montreˇal,Que´vec,Canada Zhou,Fu-Ming DepartmentofPharmacology,UniversityofTennessee CollegeofMedicineMemphis,TN38163 Chapter 1 Coexistence of Neuromessenger Molecules – A Perspective TomasHo¨kfelt Abstract Over the last three decades, it has become increasingly clear that multiple messengers synthesized in, and released from, a single nerve ending (or some/dendrite) participate in the chemical transmission process – the one neuron, multiple transmitters concept. The molecules involved encompass a wide varietyof chemicals, e.g. aminoacids, monoamines, peptidesand others. This first chapter attempts to provide a background to the many novel and interestingaspectsoncoexistencedealtwithinthebook. 1.1 Chemical Transmission Chemical transmission is a fundamental process in nervous system function. The chemicals involved were originally termed neurotransmitters, but other nameshavesubsequentlyalsobeenused:messengermolecule,signaling/trans- mitter substance, modulator and more – in Sweden we say ‘‘a loved child has many names’’. Early on, with only few substances around, the term ‘‘neuro- transmitter’’ appeared distinct and sufficient. However, as more and more categories of molecules appeared to have a signaling function in the nervous system, and sometimes with additional, even not well-defined functions, the namenotrarelybecameonissueofcontroversy.Forexample,inthe1960ssome eminent neurophysiologists would not accept the monoamines as neurotrans- mitters.Thisdiscussionistodaylessintense,perhapsbecauseoftheinsightthat the name really is not the critical issue, but rather to understand under what circumstances this spectrum of molecules is produced and released and what theirfunctionalsignificanceis. T.Ho¨kfelt(*) DepartmentofNeuroscience,KarolinskaInstitutet,Retziusv.8,S-17177Stockholm, SWEDEN e-mail:[email protected] R.Gutierrez(ed.),Co-ExistenceandCo-ReleaseofClassicalNeurotransmitters, 1 DOI10.1007/978-0-387-09622-3_1,(cid:2)SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009 2 T. Ho¨kfelt 1.2 Identity and Function of Neurotransmitters Whatisclearisthatmessengermoleculesnotonlyareinvolvedindifferenttypes of transmission, e.g.slow versusfastsignaling(the typeof receptorbeing deci- sive),butmanyofthemalsohaveothereffects,e.g.stimulatinggrowth.Andthe mainfunctionofamessengermayvaryduringthelifeofaneuron/thenervous system,e.g.earlyonexertingaroleindevelopmentalprocessesandlateronbeing a regular transmitter;or being postnatally downregulated and thenreactivated undercertainconditions,e.g.nerveinjury.Thus,ourviewhasadvancedfromthe somewhatstereotypeviewthatthefunctionofatransmitterisjusttoallowaxon potential ‘‘to jump’’ from one neuron to another via a chemical message. One couldargue,letusonlycallsuchamolecule‘‘transmitter’’thatdoesexactlythat; butinfacttherearehardlyanymessengerswithjustthatfunction:Evengluta- mateexertstrophiceffectsandhasbothpre-andpostsynapticeffects,thatis,it alsoactsasagrowthfactorandmodulator.Insummary,moleculesreleasedfrom anerveendingmayhavemanydifferentfunctions.Ifso,wecannotinmanycases speakaboutco-releaseoftransmittersinastrictsense. 1.3 Neurons Only Produce One Transmitter MyupbringingintheAmineGroup–establishedin1962bythelateNils-A˚ ke Hillarp(1916–1965)–intheDepartmentofHistologyatKarolinskaInstitutet, taughtmethataneurononlyhasoneneurotransmitter.Thismyviewwasbased on histochemical monoamine research, using the formaldehyde fluorescence (Falck-Hillarp) method developed by Bengt Falck, Nils- A˚ ke Hillarp and collaborators (Falck et al., 1962). With this technique, for the first time, a transmittercouldbeidentifiedinanindividualneuron–ifonewants,thefirst opportunity to approach the coexistence problem. The results clearly showed that dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; sero- tonin)and(later)adrenalineweresynthesizedindifferentsystemswiththeircell bodiesdistinctlyseparatedalongthecaudo-cranialaxis(Dahlstro¨mandFuxe, 1964; Ho¨kfelt et al., 1974; Ho¨kfelt et al., 1984). Also, early ultrastructural analyses,evenwhenusingthehighlysensitivepotassiumpermanganatefixation (Richardson,1966),showedthatintheadultanimaltheperipheralnoradrener- gicandcholinergicneuronsaretwoseparatepopulations. Moreover,whenitbecamepossibletodemonstratethecellularlocalization of the large population of inhibitory (cid:2)-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurons, firstwith3H-GABAandautoradiography(Ho¨kfeltandLjungdahl,1972a,b), and subsequently with immunohistochemistry using antibodies either to the GABA-synthesizingenzymeglutamatedecarboxylase(GAD)(Wuetal.,1973; Saitoetal.,1974),ortoGABAitself(Storm-Mathisenetal.,1983),therewasno obvious evidence for overlap and coexistence of GABA with the above-men- tionedmonoamineneurotransmittersystems(cf.MugnainiandOertel,1985).
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