Cloud and Fog Computing in 5G Mobile Networks: Emerging Advances and Applications

440 Pages·2017·9.9 MB·English

by  Evangelos Markakis

IETTELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES 70
Cloud and Fog Computing
in 5G Mobile Networks
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Cloud and Fog Computing
in 5G Mobile Networks
Emerging advances and applications
Edited by
Evangelos Markakis, George Mastorakis,
Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis and Evangelos Pallis
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2017
Firstpublished2017
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Contents
Editors’biographies xiii
1 NOMAschemes for 5G green mobile networks 1
S.M. Riazul Islam, Anish P. Shrestha,Farman Ali and K.S. Kwak
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basic concepts of NOMA 3
1.2.1 Superposition coding 3
1.2.2 Successive interference cancelation 3
1.2.3 Atypical NOMAscheme 4
1.3 Potential NOMAsolutions 6
1.3.1 NOMAperformancesin 5G 7
1.3.2 Cooperative NOMA 8
1.3.3 Fairness in NOMA 10
1.3.4 NOMAwith beamforming 10
1.3.5 NOMAin coordinated system 12
1.3.6 Network NOMA 13
1.3.7 NOMAin MIMOsystems 14
1.3.8 Energy-efficient NOMA 15
1.3.9 Other NOMAsolutions 15
1.4 NOMAchallenges 17
1.4.1 Distortion analysis 17
1.4.2 Interference analysis 17
1.4.3 Resource allocation 17
1.4.4 Heterogeneousnetworks 18
1.4.5 Beamformingoutage 18
1.4.6 Practical channel model 18
1.4.7 Uniform fairness 19
1.4.8 Other challenges 19
1.5 NOMAimplementation issues 19
1.5.1 Decoding complexity 19
1.5.2 Error propagation 20
1.5.3 Quantizationerror 20
vi Cloud andfog computing in 5Gmobile networks
1.5.4 Power allocation complexity 20
1.5.5 Signaling and processingoverhead 20
References 20
2 Fog computingin5G networks:anapplicationperspective 23
HarshitGupta,Sandip Chakraborty, Soumya K. Ghoshand
Rajkumar Buyya
Abstract 23
2.1 Anintroduction to fogcomputing 23
2.1.1 Limitations of the current computation paradigm 25
2.1.2 Fogcomputing 25
2.2 Fogcomputing on5Gnetworks 27
2.2.1 Fogcomputing –a requirement of 5Gnetworks 27
2.2.2 Physical network architecture 28
2.2.3 Applicationarchitecture 30
2.3 Smart traffic light system [use case 1] 32
2.3.1 Requirements 32
2.3.2 Deployment details 34
2.4 Mobile gaming [use case 2] 37
2.4.1 Requirements 38
2.4.2 Deployment details 39
2.5 Smart homes [use case 3] 43
2.5.1 Requirements 43
2.5.2 Deployment details 45
2.6 Distributed camera networks[use case 4] 48
2.6.1 Requirements 48
2.6.2 Deployment details 49
2.7 Open challenges and future trends 52
2.8 Conclusion 53
References 54
3 The in-bandfull duplexing wireless exploiting self-interference
cancellation techniques: algorithms,methods
andemerging applications 57
Geili T.A. El Sanousi andMohammed A. H.Abbas
Abstract 57
Keywords 57
3.1 Introduction 58
3.2 The in-band full duplexing communications: the concept
and the background 58
3.2.1 The basic IBFDtechniques 61
3.2.2 Antenna cancellation techniques(ACT) 62
3.2.3 Passive RFsuppression techniques 67
Contents vii
3.2.4 Active RFcancellation techniques 70
3.2.5 Analogue cancellations 73
3.2.6 Digital baseband cancellations 73
3.2.7 Hybrid combinationsof techniques 76
3.3 The evolutionary impact of the IBFDtechniques on WCT
and associated developments 80
3.3.1 The IBFDinthe 5Gnetworks 80
3.3.2 The potentials and deficiencies of the single antenna IBFD 88
3.4 Conclusion 88
References 89
4 Latency delay evaluation for cloudlet-basedarchitectures
in mobile cloud computingenvironments 95
Hayat Routaib, Essaid Sabir, Elarbi Badidi andMohammed Elkoutbi
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Related work 97
4.3 Cloudlet architectures 98
4.3.1 Hierarchical architecture 99
4.3.2 Ring architecture 107
4.4 Numerical results 114
4.5 4.5Conclusion 123
References 123
5 Survey onsoftware-definednetworkingandnetwork functions
virtualisation in5G emerging mobile computing 125
EugenBorcoci
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Summary of 5Gtechnology 126
5.2.1 Requirements and challenges 126
5.2.2 Key enablers and general design principles for
a 5Gnetwork architecture 127
5.3 Software-defined networking (SDN) 128
5.3.1 SDNarchitecture 129
5.3.2 Benefits of SDNarchitecture for 5G 131
5.4 Network functions virtualisation(NFV) 131
5.5 SDN–NFVcooperation 134
5.6 SDN-and NFV-based architectures in 5G 137
5.6.1 General requirements and framework 137
5.6.2 Examples of early SDNapproaches in wireless networks 139
5.6.3 Integrated SDN/NFVarchitectures 140
5.6.4 Fog/edge computingapproach 160
5.7 Conclusions 164
References 167
viii Cloud and fog computing in 5Gmobile networks
6 TowardsaFOG-enabled navigation systemwithadvanced
cross-layer management features andIoTequipment 171
Y.Nikoloudakis, S. Panagiotakis, E. Markakis, G.Mastorakis,
C.X. Mavromoustakisand E. Pallis
Abstract 171
6.1 Introduction 171
6.2 State of the art 172
6.2.1 5Gnetworks 172
6.2.2 Internet of Things and the fog 172
6.2.3 Positioning methods 173
6.2.4 Related technologies 176
6.2.5 Content delivery networks 177
6.2.6 Recommender systems 177
6.2.7 Software-defined networking and virtualisation 177
6.3 Beyond state of the art –usecase 179
6.4 Position-aware navigation system withrecommendation functions 180
6.4.1 System architecture 181
6.4.2 Real-world plane 181
6.4.3 The fogplane 182
6.4.4 The cloud plane 185
6.5 Conclusion 187
Acknowledgement 188
References 188
7 Internetof Things:asystematic literature review 193
IoannisDeligiannis,George Alexiou,George Papadourakis,
Evangelos Pallis, Evangelos Markakis,George Mastorakis and
ConstandinosX. Mavromoustakis
Abstract 193
7.1 Introduction 193
7.2 Search methodology 196
7.3 The technology behind IoT 197
7.3.1 Hardware 197
7.3.2 Software 199
7.3.3 Architecture 200
7.4 The Internet of Things 201
7.4.1 Social Internet of Things 202
7.4.2 Smart cities 202
7.4.3 Applicationof the IoT in healthcare 203
7.4.4 Agriculture monitoring 203
7.5 Challenges 204
7.5.1 Security 204
7.5.2 Privacy 205
7.5.3 Energy 206
7.5.4 Businessmodels 206
Contents ix
7.6 Future directions 207
References 207
8 Internet of Everything:asurvey ontechnologies, challenges,
andapplications 211
ChanduThota, ConstandinosX. Mavromoustakis,
GeorgeMastorakis and Jordi Batalla
Abstract 211
8.1 Introduction 211
8.1.1 Internet of Everything 213
8.1.2 IoE uses for next generation 214
8.1.3 Internet of Things 215
8.1.4 Communications 216
8.1.5 5Gmobile network 219
8.2 Cloud computing and Big Data in IoE 220
8.2.1 Big Data and analytics 221
8.2.2 Functionality of the proposed architecture 222
8.3 Applications of Internet of Everything (IoE) with
5Gmobile network 225
8.3.1 Smart transportation applications 225
8.3.2 Smart healthcare applications 225
8.3.3 Smart industrial applications 226
8.3.4 Smart cities 226
8.3.5 Smart cities in India 227
8.4 Tools and technologies 227
8.4.1 IoT operating systems 230
8.4.2 IoT platforms 230
8.5 Layered architecture of IoT 231
8.6 Challenges of IoE 233
8.6.1 Security 233
8.6.2 Privacy 234
8.6.3 Standard 234
8.6.4 Presence detection 234
8.6.5 Powerconsumption 234
8.7 Conclusion 234
References 235
9 CombiningFIWAREandIoTtechnologies for smart, small-scale
farming: thecase of QUHOMA platform architecture 239
HarrisMoysiadis, Nikolaos Zotos,MarinosKardaris,
GeorgeBogdos, CharalamposStergiopoulos,
KostasAnastasopoulosand KostasMavropoulos
Abstract 239
List of acronyms 240