Closed-cycle gas turbines : operating experience and future potential

293 Pages·2005·26.873 MB·English

by  Frutschi, Hans Ulrich

CLOSED–CYCLE GAS
TURBINES
OPERATING EXPERIENCE AND
FUTURE POTENTIAL
Hans Ulrich Frutschi
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
© 2005 by ASME,Three Park Avenue,New York,NY 10016
All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.Except as per-
mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,no part of this publi-
cation may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written permission
of the publisher.
INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED
BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. HOWEVER, NEI-
THER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE
ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY INFORMATION PUB-
LISHED IN THIS WORK.NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS AND
EDITORS SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS,OMISSIONS,
OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION.
THE WORK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
ASME AND ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS ARE SUPPLYING INFOR-
MATION BUT ARE NOT ATTEMPTING TO RENDER ENGINEERING
OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF SUCH ENGINEERING OR
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ARE REQUIRED,THE ASSISTANCE OF
AN APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE SOUGHT.
ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers
or ...printed in its publications (B7.1.3).Statement from the Bylaws.
For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under
those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright
Act,contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC),222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers,MA 01923,tel:[phone],www.copyright.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Frutschi,Hans Ulrich.
Closed-cycle gas turbines:operating experience and future potential/ Hans
Ulrich Frutschi.— 1st ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-7918-0226-4
1.Gas-turbines. I.Title.
TJ778.F78 2005
621.43′3—dc22 2004016936
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
Acknowledgment
I want to thank my former colleagues Peter Rufli and Hans
E. Wettstein of ALSTOM Power in Switzerland for their
continuous support and confidence during the creation of
this book and for the translation of the work into English.
Special thanks also go to Septimus van der Linden and Axel
von Rappard for their technical contribution as well as their
editing skills, and for enabling publication by ASME Press.
For the epilogue I thank Colin F.McDonald.
Last but not least, a huge thank you to my wife Lydia
whose encouragement and patience has supported me
throughout.
Hans Ulrich Frutschi
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
CONTENTS
Contents v
Preface ix
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 The Special Characteristics of
Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines 7
Chapter 2 Realized Installations 9
2.1 The AK36 Test Installation,1939 11
2.2 Coventry,1949 13
2.3 Clydebank,1950 14
2.4 Clydebank,1951 14
2.5 Paris,1952 15
2.6 Dundee,1954 22
2.7 TUCO 52,1955 23
2.8 Ravensburg,1956 25
2.9 Toyotomi,1957 35
2.10 Altnabreac,1959 36
2.11 Rothes,1960 38
2.12 Oberhausen 1,1960 38
2.13 Coburg,1961 39
2.14 Kashira,1961 44
2.15 Nippon Kokan,1961 48
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
vi Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines
2.16 IN-10 Ship Propulsion Turbine,1961 51
2.17 ML-1 Nuclear Plant,1962 52
2.18 La Fleur,Helium Turbine,1962 53
2.19 Haus Aden,1963 57
2.20 Phoenix,Helium Turbine,1966 60
2.21 Gelsenkirchen,1967 63
2.22 Vienna,1972 67
2.23 Oberhausen II,Helium Turbine,1974 70
2.24 HHV Helium Test System,1981 73
Chapter 3 The Main Components 79
3.1 The Turbo Set 80
3.2 The Air Heater 87
3.3 Recuperators 91
3.4 Cycle Coolers 94
3.5 Arrangement of the Main Components 96
Chapter 4 Thermodynamic Characteristics of
the Closed-Cycle 105
4.1 Effect of the Pressure Level on Size 105
4.2 Effect of the Pressure Level on Efficiency 107
4.3 Effect of the Pressure Level on the
Heat Exchanger 109
Chapter 5 Control and Operational Performance 113
5.1 Part Load Performance 115
5.2 Transient Performance 117
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
Contents vii
Chapter 6 Thermodynamic Performance 129
Chapter 7 Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines
in Cogeneration Plants 135
7.1 The Theory of Cogeneration with
Closed–Cycle Gas Turbines 135
7.2 Practical Processes 141
Chapter 8 Studies Performed 155
8.1 Helium and Carbon Dioxide Turbines for a
Fast Breeder 156
8.1.1 The Integrated Version 156
8.1.2 The Indirect Version with a
Secondary Carbon Dioxide Cycle 164
8.2 The HHT Project–A High-Temperature
Reactor with a High Powered Helium Turbine 169
8.2.1 The Reference Plant 170
8.2.2 Cycle Data of the Reference Plant 172
8.2.3 Arrangement of the Cycle
Components 173
8.2.4 The Design of the Turbo Machinery
in the Reference Installation 176
8.2.5 General Conditions 178
8.2.6 Description of the Turbo Set Design 178
8.2.7 Single-Loop System with Inter
Cooled Compressor 183
8.2.8 An HHT plant in a Combined Cycle
Configuration 196
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
viii Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines
8.3 Helium Turbines for the Use of Solar Energy 200
8.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis 209
8.3.2 Part Load Performance 215
8.3.3 Control System 224
8.4 Nitrogen Turbines for Re Gasifying Liquid
Natural Gas 228
Chapter 9 Semi-Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines 241
Chapter 10 Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Process
with Steam Injection 259
Chapter 11 Outlook 265
Epilogue 269
Bibliography 273
About the Author 279
Index 281
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
Preface
Power production from heat is an old engineering challenge.
Among the early industrial approaches,closed cycle gas tur-
bines were very promising since several plants did operate
commercially for decades. Nevertheless, this chapter was
closed due to the availability of clean fuels for open cycle
gas turbines which were simpler and cheaper. Nowadays,
the new challenges of nuclear or solar heat and the need to
capture CO emissions have prompted a new interest in
2
these cycles. Several research programs on CO capture
2
have been launched, funded by the EC and the US. This
book is the only comprehensive documentation of many of
the solutions, including the 24 plants that have been built
and mostly operated successfully. The author Hans Ulrich
Frutschi is the last reminder of a pioneer era that includes
such names as Ackeret and Keller, which had a thorough
understanding of these processes. This technology was orig-
inally developed by ESCHER WYSS. Continuous restruc-
turing within the Swiss industry transferred the technology
first to Brown Boveri Sulzer Turbo machinery (BST) and
then to Brown Boveri & Company (BBC). Some develop-
ment continued during this period, specifically aimed at
Helium cycles for high temperature nuclear reactors. BBC
was a pioneer of open cycle gas turbines with its first com-
mercial unit operating in 1939. After the merger with
ASEA,the new ABB sold its entire power generation busi-
ness including its closed cycle gas turbine heritage to
ALSTOM. With the support and empowerment of both
ABB and ALSTOM,the author integrated all the available
information into this book. It presents an authentic record
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
x Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines
since the author lead or assisted the commissioning of most
of these plants and he could draw on his personal archive.
His insight into these technologies generated many patents
which will continue to benefit future applications.
ALSTOM is pleased to support this publication on such an
important industrial heritage.
Hans Wettstein
Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/05/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use