Clitics: An Introduction PDF
Preview Clitics: An Introduction
Clitics Inmostlanguageswefind‘littlewords’whichresembleafullword,but whichcannotstandontheirown.Insteadtheyhaveto‘leanon’aneigh- bouringword,likethe’d,’veandunstressed’emofKim’d’vehelped’em (‘Kimwouldhavehelpedthem’).Theseareclitics,andtheyarefoundin mostoftheworld’slanguages.InEnglishthecliticformsappearinthe sameplaceinthesentencethatthefullformofthewordwouldappearin, butinmanylanguagescliticsobeyquiteseparaterulesofplacement.This bookisthefirstintroductiontoclitics,providingacompletesummaryof theirproperties,theiruses,thereasonswhytheyareofinteresttolinguists andthevarioustheoreticalapproachesthathavebeenproposedforthem. Thebookdescribesawholehostofcliticsystems,andpresentsdatafrom over100languages. andrew spencer is Professor of Linguistics in the Department of LanguageandLinguisticsattheUniversityofEssex. ana r. lu´is isAssistantProfessorofLinguisticsintheDepartmentof Language,LiteratureandCultureoftheUniversityofCoimbra. CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS Generaleditors: P. AUSTIN, J. BRESNAN, B. COMRIE, S. CRAIN, W. DRESSLER, C. EWEN, R. LASS, D. LIGHTFOOT, K. RICE, I. ROBERTS, S. ROMAINE, N. V. SMITH Clitics An Introduction Inthisseries: b. comrie Tense w. klein SecondLanguageAcquisition a. j. woods, p. fletcher and a. hughes StatisticsinLanguageStudies d. a. cruse LexicalSemantics a. radford TransformationalGrammar m. garman Psycholinguistics g. g. corbett Gender h. j. giegerich EnglishPhonology r. cann FormalSemantics j. laver PrinciplesofPhonetics f. r. palmer GrammaticalRolesandRelations m. a. jones FoundationsofFrenchSyntax a. radford SyntacticTheoryandtheStructureofEnglish:AMinimalistApproach r. d. van valin, jr, and r. j. lapolla Syntax:Structure,MeaningandFunction a. duranti LinguisticAnthropology a. cruttenden IntonationSecondedition j. k. chambers and p. trudgill DialectologySecondedition c. lyons Definiteness r. kager OptimalityTheory j. a. holm AnIntroductiontoPidginsandCreoles g. g. corbett Number c. j. ewen and h. van der hulst ThePhonologicalStructureofWords f. r. palmer MoodandModalitySecondedition b. j. blake CaseSecondedition e. gussman Phonology:AnalysisandTheory m. yip Tone w. croft TypologyandUniversalsSecondedition f. coulmas WritingSystems:AnIntroductiontotheirLinguisticAnalysis p. j. hopper and e. c. traugott GrammaticalizationSecondedition l. white SecondLanguageAcquisitionandUniversalGrammar i. plag Word-FormationinEnglish w. croft and a. cruse CognitiveLinguistics a. siewierska Person a. radford MinimalistSyntax:ExploringtheStructureofEnglish d. bu¨ring BindingTheory m. butt TheoriesofCase n. hornstein, j. nun˜es and k. grohmann UnderstandingMinimalism b. c. lust ChildLanguage:AcquisitionandGrowth g. g. corbett Agreement j. c. l. ingram Neurolinguistics:AnIntroductiontoSpokenLanguageProcessingand itsDisorders j. clackson Indo-EuropeanLinguistics:AnIntroduction m. ariel PragmaticsandGrammar r. cann, r. kempson and e. gregoromichelaki Semantics: An Introduction to MeaninginLanguage y. matras LanguageContact d. biber and s. conrad Register,GenreandStyle l. jeffries and d. mcintyre Stylistics r. hudson AnIntroductiontoWordGrammar m. l. murphy LexicalMeaning j. m. meisel FirstandSecondLanguageAcquisition t. mcenery and a. hardie CorpusLinguistics:Method,LanguageandPractice j. sakel and d. l. everett LinguisticFieldwork:AStudentGuide a. spencer and a. lu´is Clitics:AnIntroduction Earlierissuesnotlistedarealsoavailable Clitics An Introduction ANDREW SPENCER UniversityofEssex ANA R. LUÍS UniversityofCoimbra cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress, NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521682923 ©AndrewSpencerandAnaR.Luís2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-521-86428-2Hardback ISBN978-0-521-68292-3Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. ForMarina Contents Listoftables pagexi Preface xiii Conventionsandabbreviations xv 1 Preliminaries 1 1.1 Introducingclitics 1 1.2 Aboutthebook 6 1.3 Worksonclitics 12 2 Thefunctionsofclitics 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Verbalfunctions 14 2.3 Clausalproperties 18 2.4 Nominalfunctions 20 2.5 Argumentfunctions 24 2.6 Otherfunctions 32 2.7 Conclusions 36 3 Typesofcliticsystem 38 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Typologiesofclitics 38 3.3 Patternsofplacement 47 3.4 Domainsofplacement 67 3.5 Clause-domainclitics 70 3.6 Summary 72 4 Cliticsandphonology 74 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Cliticsandprominence 75 4.3 Phonologicallydefineddomainsofcliticization 78 4.4 Cliticsandstress 84 4.5 Phonologicallyweakfunctionwords(‘simple’clitics) 92 4.6 Cliticsandprosodicstructure 98 4.7 Conclusions 105 5 Cliticsandmorphology 107 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Cliticsandaffixes–theZwicky–Pullumcriteria 108 ix
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