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Clinical Ultrasound: A Pocket Manual PDF

360 Pages·2018·17.93 MB·English
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Angela Creditt · Jordan Tozer Michael Vitto · Michael Joyce Lindsay Taylor Clinical Ultrasound A Pocket Manual 123 Clinical Ultrasound Angela Creditt • Jordan Tozer Michael Vitto • Michael Joyce Lindsay Taylor Clinical Ultrasound A Pocket Manual Angela Creditt Jordan Tozer Emergency Medicine Emergency Medicine Virginia Commonwealth Virginia Commonwealth University University Richmond, Virginia, USA Richmond, Virginia, USA Michael Vitto Michael Joyce Emergency Medicine Emergency Medicine Virginia Commonwealth Virginia Commonwealth University University Richmond, Virginia, USA Richmond, Virginia, USA Lindsay Taylor Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia, USA ISBN 978-3-319-68633-2 ISBN 978-3-319-68634-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68634-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017961310 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduc- tion on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of pub- lication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Point-of-care ultrasound is quickly becoming the way of the future for improving clinical care and patient safety. Its use has become increasingly prominent in recent years and is now a routine expectation in almost all fields of medicine due to its ability to enhance care and expedite diagnosis. This is mainly due to its real-time, portable, nonionizing image acquisition without the risks of traditional imaging such as radiation exposure. In addition, due to its low cost and ease of deployability, it is rapidly becoming available for point-of- care use anywhere health care is delivered. Providers are traveling to developing countries with portable ultrasound machines, military hospitals are using ultrasound on the frontlines, rural practice offices are integrating ultrasound within their patient visits, and emergency medical systems are placing ultrasound machines on their ambulances and heli- copters. Furthermore, medical schools are incorporating ultrasound education into their core curriculum as they are realizing the positive impact it has on the future career of their learners. With this increasing prevalence, the need for a reliable and easy-to-follow comprehensive resource is obvious. While training our own resident physicians here at Virginia Commonwealth University, we realized there were no instruc- tional resources available to provide concise step-by-step instructions, as well as normal and abnormal images. Frequently, learners would have to leave the ultrasound machine to find a computer or book in order to look up the image they were interested in obtaining. This is where we came up with the idea of a pocket manual that can be easily v vi Preface carried around and provide a quick reference for learning on the job. Whether you are an emergency medical technician or senior physician, it is our hope that this manual will ease some of the intimidation of learning ultrasound. Utilizing simple bullet point instructions and a vast library of point-of- care images, this book will be there with you at the bedside to help with any study you want to complete! Angela Bray Creditt Richmond, VA Jordan Tozer Richmond, VA Michael Vitto Richmond, VA Michael Joyce Richmond, VA Lindsay Taylor Richmond, VA Acknowledgments Thank you to our VCU Emergency Medicine family for your persistent support and encouragement. Thank you to those who have helped contribute to this book including L. Das Narla M.D., Rashida Woods M.D., Tim Layng D.O., Rohit Manaktala M.D., Trecia Henriques M.D., Evie Louka, and Morgan Williams. Lastly, a tremendous thank you to Dr. Dave Evans, Ultrasound Fellowship Director at VCU, for educating our medical students, residents, faculty, and other medical professionals in ultrasound. vii Contents 1 Introduction: Basic Ultrasound Principles ........ 1 Basic Terminology ............................ 1 Transducer Selection .......................... 8 Transducer Position ........................... 11 Ultrasound Artifact ........................... 13 References................................... 18 2 Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma........................ 19 Clinical Application and Indications............. 19 Normal EFAST Anatomy...................... 20 Image Acquisition ............................ 22 EFAST Pathology ............................ 34 References................................... 44 3 Cardiac Ultrasound ........................... 47 Normal Cardiac Anatomy...................... 48 Image Acquisition ............................ 49 Parasternal Long Axis......................... 49 Parasternal Short Axis......................... 51 Apical Four- and Two-Chamber................. 53 Subxiphoid................................... 56 Inferior Vena Cava............................ 57 Measuring Global Left Ventricular Systolic Function ............................. 59 Cardiomyopathies ............................ 61 Right Ventricular Dilation ..................... 64 Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade............. 66 References................................... 72 ix x Contents 4 Thoracic Ultrasound .......................... 75 Indications/Clinical Application................. 75 Normal Thoracic Anatomy ..................... 76 Image Acquisition ............................ 78 Image Acquisition ............................ 80 Thoracic Pathology............................ 84 References................................... 89 5 Head and Neck Ultrasound .................... 91 Tonsillar Ultrasound .......................... 91 Thyroid Ultrasound ........................... 95 Tracheal Ultrasound........................... 100 Carotid Artery Ultrasound..................... 104 Salivary Gland ............................... 105 References................................... 110 6 Musculoskeletal Ultrasound.................... 113 Clinical Application and Indications............. 113 Normal Musculoskeletal Anatomy .............. 114 Image Acquisition ............................ 115 Shoulder Joint................................ 119 Tendons ..................................... 121 Knee Joint................................... 126 Bone........................................ 128 Nerves ...................................... 130 References................................... 133 7 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound ........ 135 Clinical Application/Indications................. 135 Normal Aortic Anatomy....................... 136 Image Acquisition ............................ 138 Abdominal Aortic Pathology ................... 142 References................................... 147 8 Biliary Ultrasound ............................ 149 Clinical Application and Indications............. 149 Normal Biliary Anatomy....................... 150 Imaging Overview ............................ 150 Gallbladder Pathology......................... 156 Contents xi Common Bile Duct Pathology.................. 162 References................................... 164 9 R enal and Bladder Ultrasound ................. 167 Clinical Application and Indications............. 167 Genitourinary Anatomy ....................... 168 Image Acquisition ............................ 169 Renal Pathology.............................. 176 Bladder Pathology ............................ 181 References................................... 184 10 Abdominal Ultrasound ........................ 185 Clinical Application and Indications............. 185 Normal Abdominal Anatomy................... 186 Image Acquisition ............................ 186 Abdominal Pathology ......................... 188 References................................... 195 11 Gynecologic Ultrasound ....................... 197 Clinical Application and Indications............. 197 Normal Gynecologic Anatomy.................. 198 Image Acquisition ............................ 199 Gynecologic Pathology ........................ 204 References................................... 211 12 Obstetric Ultrasound.......................... 213 Clinical Application and Indications............. 213 Normal Gynecologic Anatomy.................. 214 Image Acquisition ............................ 214 Evaluation for Intrauterine Pregnancy ........... 220 Obstetric Pathology........................... 226 References................................... 235 13 Testicular Ultrasound ......................... 237 Clinical Application and Indications............. 237 Normal Testicular Anatomy .................... 238 Image Acquisition ............................ 238 Testicular Pathology........................... 241 References................................... 252

Description:
This pocket manual is designed to guide medical professionals in acquiring skills in basic ultrasound imaging. It describes the most common scans performed at the patient’s bedside, specifically in the emergency department or intensive care unit. Following an overview of basic ultrasound principle
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