Clinical Tuberculosis

469 Pages·2020·25.104 MB·English

Clinical Tuberculosis
Sixth Edition

Clinical Tuberculosis
Sixth Edition
Edited by
Lloyd N. Friedman, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
Director of Inpatient Quality and Safety
Department of Internal Medicine
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut
Martin Dedicoat, PhD, FRCP, BSc, DTM&H
Consultant Physician in Infectious Diseases
University Hospitals Birmingham
Birmingham, United Kingdom
and
University of Warwick
Coventry, United Kingdom
Peter D. O. Davies, MA, DM, FRCP
Professor and Consultant Physician (retired)
Liverpool University
Liverpool, United Kingdom
Sixth edition published 2020
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
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© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Fourth Edition published by Hodder Arnold 2008
Fifth Edition published by CRC Press 2014
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Friedman, Lloyd N., editor. | Dedicoat, Martin, editor. | Davies, P. D. O., editor.
Title: Clinical tuberculosis / edited by Lloyd N. Friedman, Martin Dedicoat, Peter D.O. Davies.
Description: Sixth edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and
index. | Summary: “Entirely updated and revised, the 6th edition of Clinical Tuberculosis continues to provide the TB physician
with a definitive and erudite account of the latest techniques in diagnosis, treatment and control of TB, including an overview of
the latest guidelines from the CDC and WHO”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020013349 (print) | LCCN 2020013350 (ebook) | ISBN 9780815370239 (hardback) | ISBN 9781351249980 (ebook)
Subjects: MESH: Tuberculosis
Classification: LCC RC311 (print) | LCC RC311 (ebook) | NLM WF 200 | DDC 616.99/5--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013349
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013350
ISBN 9780815370239 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781351249980 (ebk)
Typeset in Minion Pro
by Nova Techset Private Limited, Bengaluru & Chennai, India
We would like to dedicate this book to all people in the world who are suffering from tuberculosis.
Also to our wives and children who have supported us in our work.

Contents
Foreword ix
Preface xiii
Editors xv
Contributors xvii
Part I BaCKGrOUND 1
1 The History of Tuberculosis from Earliest Times to the Development of Drugs 3
Charlotte A. Roberts and Jane E. Buikstra
2 Epidemiology 17
Grant Theron, Ted Cohen, and Christopher Dye
Part II PatHOLOGY aND IMMUNOLOGY 39
3 Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Genetic Organism 41
William R. Jacobs, Jr.
4 Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 51
Divya B. Reddy and Jerrold J. Ellner
Part III traNSMISSION 77
5 Using Genotyping and Molecular Surveillance to Investigate Tuberculosis Transmission 79
Sarah Talarico, Laura F. Anderson, and Benjamin J. Silk
6 Tuberculosis Transmission Control 97
Edward A. Nardell
Part IV DIaGNOSIS OF aCtIVE DISEaSE aND LatENt INFECtION 113
7 Diagnosis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis 115
J. Lucian Davis
8 Radiology of Mycobacterial Disease 129
Anne McB. Curtis
9 Diagnosis of Latent TB Infection 153
Ajit Lalvani, Clementine Fraser, and Manish Pareek
Part V DrUGS aND VaCCINES FOr tUBErCULOSIS 173
10 Clinical Pharmacology of the Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs 175
Gerry Davies and Charles Peloquin
11 New Developments in Drug Treatment 203
Alexander S. Pym, Camus Nimmo, and James Millard
12 BCG and Other Vaccines 217
Rachel Tanner and Helen McShane
vii
viii Contents
Part VI CLINICaL aSPECtS aND trEatMENt 235
13 Pulmonary Tuberculosis 237
Charles S. Dela Cruz, Barbara Seaworth, and Graham Bothamley
14 Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis 249
Charles L. Daley
15 Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection 267
Charisse Mandimika and Gerald Friedland
16 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis 301
Keertan Dheda, Aliasgar Esmail, Anzaan Dippenaar, Robin Warren, Jennifer Furin, and Christoph Lange
17 The Surgical Management of Tuberculosis and Its Complications 327
Richard S. Steyn
18 Tuberculosis in Childhood and Pregnancy 343
Lindsay H. Cameron and Jeffrey R. Starke
19 Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Including Risk Factors for the Development of Tuberculosis 373
Martin Dedicoat
Part VII OFFICIaL StatEMENtS: COMParISON OF NatIONaL aND INtErNatIONaL rECOMMENDatIONS 391
20 Treatment Guidelines for Active Drug-Susceptible and Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis, and Latent
Tuberculosis Infection 393
Lynn E. Sosa and Lloyd N. Friedman
Part VIII CONtrOL 399
21 Tuberculosis Epidemic Control: A Comprehensive Strategy to Drive Down Tuberculosis 401
Salmaan Keshavjee, Tom Nicholson, Aamir J. Khan, Lucica Ditiu, Paul E. Farmer, and Mercedes C. Becerra
Part IX rELatED aSPECtS 413
22 Animal Tuberculosis 415
Catherine Wilson
Index 437
Foreword
Intro I underwent extensive tests, but no one could identify the cause.
In the end I was told that it must be because I was a celiac; I “obvi-
This is the story of one overprotective mother and one lazy teen- ously had a weak immune system.”
ager. That “overprotective” mother turned out to be right and that
“lazy teenager” went on to study English Literature and Language Kate
at Oxford University. Both lived with undiagnosed TB for over
18 years. Aged 10, I came home from school and collapsed in the hallway
with what I can only describe as extreme weakness, a feeling I came
1997 to recognize as the years progressed. Prior to this, I had been an
active and energetic child. That evening, the shivers began and then
In 1997, I (Kate) was 5 years old and had always been a happy the sickness. At this point, I had no cough and no temperature. Yet,
and healthy child. My mum (Lorraine) was diagnosed with celiac my “overprotective” mother recognized the sensation of being too
disease when she was 20 years old but this was now 17 years on exhausted and feeling too weak to even speak. “I think my daughter
and it was very much under control. My grandparents, on my has pneumonia,” she said to the local GP’s surgery, to which they
father’s side, owned dairy farms in Ireland and it was on a visit to told her to calm down, “Stop overreacting, Mrs. Tuohy.” Later that
County Kerry in the summer of 1997 that our lives changed. We day, I was admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with pneumonia.
were given a jug of warm, creamy milk to put on our cornflakes. The following year my appendix burst. Meanwhile, I continued
Looking back now, it seems so obvious but back then it was noth- to have recurrent chest infections which were treated with oral
ing out of the ordinary. antibiotics. A chest infection meant losing weight, extreme weak-
ness, feeling too unwell to speak or move, no appetite, and feeling
LorraIne sick. Our infections were 100% debilitating.
I was aged 14 when the situation worsened. I lost a stone in
Less than two weeks after returning from this trip to Ireland, I a month, next my appetite went (and never returned), then the
started to rapidly lose weight. Within a week I had lost over half a sweats and shivers began, and only when I began to feel really ill
stone. At this point I had no other symptom. The following week I did the dry cough emerge. This was a pattern which repeated itself
developed night sweats and vividly remember lying in bed, watch- over the next 8 years; that dry cough used to send us into panic
ing beads of sweat spring from nowhere and roll down my legs. By mode. I was constantly being diagnosed with “pneumonia” and
now, I also had a persistent dry, non-productive cough, accompa- the endless tests began. I was referred to numerous hospitals but
nied by an overwhelming feeling of weakness. During this period every test came back negative. Then my tummy began to grow, a
I had seen my GP three times but there was nothing remarkable to bit of bloating to start with; “Stop fussing and do some exercise,”
guide him to a diagnosis. Later that week, I was admitted to the hos- I was told again and again. The reality, without laxatives I never
pital, having lost over a stone of weight in less than two weeks and went to the toilet and, by the time I was 16, I was regularly being
was subsequently diagnosed with “pneumonia.” I was told that the asked by doctors whether I was, in fact, pregnant.
“pneumonia” hadn’t presented itself in the usual way—no tempera- My body was slim but my tummy was rock solid and distended.
ture, no chesty cough, no chest pain or breathing difficulties, and They ruled out celiac disease with a biopsy and then I underwent
only a faint mark on the chest x-ray. The consultants asked whether x-rays, ultrasounds, barium meals, and MRIs. The consultants
I had been outside of Europe but no one asked about Ireland. After eventually concluded that they had never seen anything like it and
a week of IVs I was discharged. However, on returning home I was the only option was a laparoscopy.
still too weak to walk and would have to crawl on my hands and In the middle of the laparoscopy, the surgeon came out to my
knees to make it up the stairs. The weakness remained overwhelm- parents and informed them that he was going to have to resect
ing and even trying to lift the kettle to make a drink caused me part of my terminal ileum which, for no apparent reason, was non-
to retch. A physio was sent to the house to try to help me to get functioning and blocked with undigested food. The surrounding
back on my feet. It took weeks for me to master even climbing up intestine also didn’t look normal. The surgeon had never come
the stairs which eventually led the medics to believe this weakness across this before. Over four hours later, I emerged from the oper-
must be in some way psychosomatic. Three months later I still had ation. For a few weeks, my gastro symptoms improved, but slowly
no appetite and had not put on any weight. my lower abdomen began to grow and was doughy in texture, I
I was later given a pneumonia vaccine but within just a few was back to taking laxatives, on painkillers for spasms, and occa-
weeks, I was told the pneumonia had returned. This characterized sionally admitted with violent sickness and given IV pain relief.
the next few years: recurrent chest infections, antibiotics, and IVs. This was my GCSE year and, by this point, there had been large
ix