clinical studies on anal and perineal tumors in dogs

140 Pages·2016·2.14 MB·English

CLINICAL STUDIES ON ANAL AND PERINEAL
TUMORS IN DOGS

BY

S.KOKILA
B.V.Sc. & A.H.

Thesis submitted to the
SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY
In partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of

MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
IN THE FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
(VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY)

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY
TIRUPATI – 517 502

SEPTEMBER 2011
i
CERTIFICATE

Dr. S.KOKILA has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of research and that the thesis
entitled “CLINICAL STUDIES ON ANAL AND PERINEAL TUMORS IN DOGS ”
submitted is the result of original research work and is of sufficiently high standard to warrant its
presentation to the examination. I also certify that the thesis or part there of has not been previously
submitted by her for a degree of any university.

Date : (Dr. P.VEENA)
Major Advisor
Place : Tirupati Assistant Professor (s.s)
Dept. of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology
College of Veterinary Science
Tirupati – 517 502 (A.P)

ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “CLINICAL STUDIES ON ANAL AND
PERINEAL TUMORS IN DOGS” submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Veterinary Science of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University,
Tirupati is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by Dr.S.KOKILA under our
guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been approved by the Student’s
Advisory Committee.
No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. The published
part has been fully acknowledged. All the assistance and help received during the course of
investigation have been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis.

(Dr. P.VEENA)
Chairman of the Advisory Committee

Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee

CHAIRMAN: (Dr. P.VEENA) ________________________
Assistant Professor (s.s)
Dept. of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology
College of Veterinary Science
Tirupati – 517 502 (A.P)

MEMBER : (Dr. R.V. SURESH KUMAR) ________________________
Associate Professor and Head
Dept. of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology
College of Veterinary Science
Tirupati – 517 502 (A.P)

MEMBER : (Dr. Ch. SRILATHA ) _______________________
Professor & University Head
Department of Veterinary Pathology,
College of Veterinary Science
Tirupati – 517 502 (A.P)

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LIST OF CONTENTS
Chapter
TITLE Page No.
No.
I INTRODUCTION 1

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6

2.1 Incidence of tumors 7

2.1.1 Age 7
2.1.2 Breed 8
2.1.3 Sex 9
2.2 Clinical symptoms 11

2.3 Diagnosis of tumors 12
2.3.1 Gross examination 12
2.3.1.1 Anal tumors 12
2.3.1.2 Perineal tumors 14
2.3.2 Cytological examination 17
2.3.3 Radiography 19
2.4 Treatment 20
2.4.1 Surgical excision 20
2.4.2 Chemotherapy 21
2.4.3 Other treatments 23
2.5 Complications 24
2.6 Parameters studied 25
2.6.1 Haematological observations 25

2.6.2 Biochemical observations 26

2.7 Pathological examination 27
2.7.1 Histopathology 27
2.7.1.1 Anal tumors 27
2.7.1.2 Perineal tumors 29
2.7.2 AgNOR staining and counting 31
2.7.3 Immunohistochemistry 32
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2.8 Recurrence, disease free intervals and prognosis 32
III MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials 34
3.2 Methods 34
3.2.1 Incidence and clinical examination 34
3.2.2 Selection of cases 34

3.3 Design of the study 35

3.4 Diagnosis 36

3.4.1 Gross examination 36

3.4.2 Cytological examination 36

3.4.2.1 Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) 36

3.4.3 Radiographic studies 36

3.5 Surgical treatment 39

3.5.1 Patient preparation 39
3.5.2 Anaesthesia and control 39
3.5.3 Operative technique 39
3.5.4 Post operative care 40
3.6 Chemotherapy 40
3.6.1 Supportive therapy 40
3.7 Follow up studies 42
3.7.1 Post operative complications 42
3.7.2 Chemotherapy complications 42
3.8 Parameters studied 42
3.8.1 Physiological parameters 42
3.8.2 Hematology 42
3.8.2.1 Total leukocyte count (TLC) 42

3.8.2.2 Haemoglobin (Hb) 43

3.8.2.3 Packed cell volume (PCV) 43

3.8.2.4 Differential leukocyte count (DLC) 43

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3.8.3 Serum biochemistry 43

3.8.3.1 Calcium 43

3.8.3.2 Phosphorus 43

3.8.3.3 Blood urea nitrogen 45

3.8.3.4 Creatinine 45

3.8.4 Pathological observations 45
3.8.4.1 Gross pathological observations 45
3.8.4.2 Histopathology 45
3.8.4.3 AgNOR staining 45
3.8.4.4 AgNOR counting 46
3.8.5 Immunohistochemistry 46
3.8.5.1 Reagents used 46
3.8.5.2 Procedure 47
3.8.5.3 Evaluation of hormone receptor expression 48
3.8.6 Recurrence, disease free intervals and prognosis 49
3.8.7 Statistical analysis 49

IV RESULTS 50

4.1 Incidence 50

4.1.1 Age 50

4.1.2 Breed 52

4.1.3 Sex 52

4.2 Clinical symptoms 56
4.3 Diagnosis 58
4.3.1 Gross examination 58
4.3.2 Cytological examination 58

4.3.2.1 Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) 58

4.3.3 Radiological studies 60

4.4 Treatment 60

4.4.1 Follow up studies 65
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4.4.1.1 Post operative complications 65
4.4.1.2 Chemotherapy complications 65
4.5 Results of parameters studied 69
4.5.1 Physiological parameters 69
4.5.2 Hematology 69
4.5.2.1 Total leukocyte count 69

4.5.2.2 Haemoglobin 71

4.5.2.3 Packed cell volume 71

4.5.2.4 Differential leukocyte count 73

4.5.2.4.1 Neutrophils 73
4.5.2.4.2 Lymphocytes 76
4.5.2.4.3 Eosinophils 78
4.5.2.4.4 Monocytes 78
4.5.3 Biochemical observations 80

4.5.3.1 Calcium (mg%) 82

4.5.3.2 Phosphorus (mg%) 82

4.5.3.3 Blood urea nitrogen (mg%) 85

4.5.3.4 Creatinine (mg%) 87

4.6 Pathological observations 87

4.6.1 Gross pathological observations 87
4.6.2 Histopathology 89

4.6.2.1 Anal tumors 91
4.6.2.2 Perineal tumors 95
4.7 AgNOR count 98

4.8 Immunohistochemistry 100
4.9 Recurrence, disease free intervals and prognosis 100
V DISCUSSION 102
VI SUMMARY 121
LITERATURE CITED 124

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Table Page
TITLE
No. No.
1. Showing vaginal examination in a dog using index finger 37
2. Showing the topography of the perineal region in a bitch 37
3. Animal with perineal swelling and passing ribbon like stools 37
4. Gross examination of tumor growth 37
5. Fine needle aspiration biopsy collection from a mass in a dog 38
6. Collecting impression smears from the growth in a dog 38
7. Showing the position of a dog with ventral recumbency with elevated hind
41
Portion
8. Showing the mass which was explored via sharp and blunt dissection 41
9. Showing the skin sutures of the surgical excision with the anal canal patency
41
maintenance
10. Showing auto analyser PRIETEST for biochemical analysis and kits 44
11. Pie chart depicting the age wise incidence of anal and perineal tumors 51
12. Pie chart showing the breed wise incidence of anal and perineal tumors 53
13. Sexwise incidence of anal and perineal tumors 55
14. Showing hepatoid tumor with severe ulceration 57
15. Showing blood discharge from anus in a dog affected with hepatoid
57
adenocarcinoma
16. Showing tail lifting in a dog affected with anal tumor 57
17. Showing the lethargy dog affected with anal tumor 57
18. Showing the necrosed mass in a dog affected with perineal tumor 57
19. Note small circumscribed, ulcerated nodules on the perianal tissue in hepatoid
59
adenocarcinoma
20. Note erythematous, ulcerated, lemon sized mass of anal sac adenocarcinoma
59
in a dog
21. Note cauliflower like, multilobulated, red colored mass in TVT 59
22. Note the freely movable mass of basal cell carcinoma in a dog 59
23. Showing cauliflower like, hard mass of squamous cell carcinoma in a dog 59
24. Photograph showing myxofibrosarcoma with extensive ulceration in a dog 59
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25. Note the bunches of grapes appearance in myxosarcoma 61
26. Anal sac adenocarcinoma: Note pleomorphic, homogenous, clusters of
61
cuboidal cells with several nucleoli. H& E x 700
27. Anal sac adenocarcinoma: Note anisocytosis and anisokaryosis with
61
vacuolated cytoplasm H& E x 700
28. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma: Note polygonal or clusters of cells showing
61
anisokaryosis having several nucleoli. H& E x 700
29. TVT: Note several lymphocytes and plasma cells with cytoplasmic
61
vacuolation. H& E x 700
30. TVT: Note the extensive infiltration of neutrophils. H& E x 700 61
31. Basal cell carcinoma: Note aggregation of small, uniform cells with basophilic
62
cytoplasm in groups. H& E x 700
32. Squamous cell carcinoma: Cytological smear showing large squamous
epithelial cells with prominent irregular nuclei and neutrophilic infiltration. 62
H& E x 700
33. Lateral radiograph showing the radiolucent areas in the ribs in animals with
63
hepatoid adenocarcinoma
34. Lateral radiograph showing soft tissue density in the perineal region 63
35. Showing the anal sac adenocarcinoma in a dog 64
36. Showing the anus plugged with mop to avoid contamination 64
37. Showing the incision over the mass 64
38. Showing the excision of the mass 64
39. Showing the sutured skin after excision of the mass 64
40. Showing the recurrence of anal sac adenocarcinoma in a dog 66
41. Photograph showing cystic papillary adenocarcinoma with extensive
66
ulceration in a dog before giving chemotherapy
42. Photograph showing the reduced size of lesion after 3 weeks of chemotherapy 66
43. Showing squamous cell carcinoma with pedunculated mass in urogenital
67
perineal area
44. Showing the manual separation of mass from the vagina 67
45. Showing the ligation of the vaginal pedicle 67
46. Showing pedunculated growth of squamous cell carcinoma 67
47. Showing the perineal area after surgery 67
48. Showing the TVT on vulva before chemotherapy 68
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49. Showing the reduced lesion of TVT after 2 weeks of chemotherapy 68
50. Showing fistulation at the anal region and loss of anal sphincter in a dog 68
51. Showing extravasation of chemotherapy in animals with anal tumors 68
52. Cut section of cystic papillary adenocarcinoma with abundant brownish black
90
cystic fluid
53. Cut section of myxosarcoma soft, grey to white slimy mass 90
54 (a). Graph showing histological types of anal tumors in dogs 92
54 (b). Graph showing histological types of perineal tumors in dogs 92
55. Anal gland tumor and Hepatoid gland tumor: Note proliferation of glandular
epithelial cells and hepatoid nature of the cell proliferation with connective 94
tissue stroma. H& E x 280
56. Myxofibrosarcoma: Section showing plump proliferated fibroblast and
94
stellate cells with processes. H& E x 70
57. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma: Note the islands of tumor cells supported by
94
connective tissue stroma. H& E x 70
58. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma: Note the pleomorphic hepatoid cells with
94
acidophilic cytoplasm. H& E x 280
59. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma: Section showing pleomorphic hepatoid cells with
94
area of congestion. H& E x 280
60. Basal cell carcinoma: Section showing proliferated basal cells in dermis in the
94
form of islands supported by connective tissue stroma. H& E x 70
61. Basal cell carcinoma: Note proliferated basal cells in dermis. H& E x 280 96
62. Cystic papillary adenocarcinoma: Note irregular acinar structures with cystic
96
dilatation and infiltration of neutrophils. H& E x 280
63. Cystic papillary adenocarcinoma: Note dilated glandular structures and
proliferated cells giving papillary projection and infiltration of neutrophils. 96
H& E x 280
64. TVT: Note sheets of round to individual cells separated by fine connective
96
tissue stroma. H& E x 280
65. Squamous cell carcinoma: Note the irregular masses of epithelial cells and
96
keratin pearls. H& E x 70
66. Squamous cell carcinoma: Section showing keratin pearls with concentric
96
layers of squamous cells. H& E x 280
67. Myxosarcoma: Note stellate calls arranged in whirl pattern with processes.
97
H& E x 70
68. Myxosarcoma: Note pleomorphic stellate cells with processes lying in
97
basophilic mucinous matrix. H& E x 280
x