Clinical Radiation Oncology: Indications, Techniques, and Results PDF
Preview Clinical Radiation Oncology: Indications, Techniques, and Results
ClinicalRadiationOncology Clinical Radiation Oncology Indications,Techniques,andResults ThirdEdition Editor WilliamSmallJr,MD,FACRO,FACR,FASTRO LoyolaUniversity AssociateEditors NancyJ.Tarbell,MD,FASTRO HarvardMedicalSchool MinYaoMD,PhD CaseWesternReserveUniversity SectionEditors JasonA.Efstathiou,MD,DPhil MassachusettsGeneralHospital MineshP.Mehta,MD,FASTRO UniversityofMarylandSchoolofMedicine WilliamSmall,Jr,MD,FACRO,FACR,FASTRO LoyolaUniversity ChristopherG.Willett,MD,FASTRO DukeUniversity MinYao,MD,PhD CaseWesternReserveUniversity Thiseditionfirstpublished2017 ©2017JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermisiontoreusematerial fromthistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Small,William,Jr.,editor.|Tarbell,NancyJ.,1951–editor.|Yao,Min(Radiationoncologist),editor. Title:Clinicalradiationoncology:indications,techniques,andresults/editor,WilliamSmall,Jr.;associateeditors,NancyJ.Tarbell,MinYao; sectioneditors,JasonA.Efstathiou,MineshP.Mehta,WilliamSmall,Jr.,ChristopherG.Willett,MinYao. Description:Thirdedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,2017.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2016039773(print)|LCCN2016040775(ebook)|ISBN9780470905524(cloth)|ISBN9781119341215(pdf)| ISBN9781119341352(epub) Subjects:|MESH:Neoplasms–radiotherapy|RadiationOncology–methods Classification:LCCRC271.R3(print)|LCCRC271.R3(ebook)|NLMQZ269|DDC616.99/40642–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016039773 Setin10/12ptWarnockProbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents Dedication ix Preface xi Contributors xiii Section ScientificFoundations 1 SectionEditor:WilliamSmallJr. BasicConceptsofClinicalRadiationOncology 3 HannahYoon,KaranShah,WilliamSmallJr,MineshP.MehtaandJohnP.Hayes RadiationBiologyforRadiationOncologists 15 TimothyA.Chan,BorisHristovandSimonN.Powell TreatmentPlanning 62 GeorgeT.Y.ChenandJongH.Kung Image-GuidedRadiationTherapy 83 MoniqueYoul,KristyK.BrockandLauraA.Dawson AGuidetoUnderstandingStatisticsinRadiationOncology 99 KathrynWinter UseofProtonsforRadiationTherapy 115 MarkPankuch,NasiruddinMohammed,DraikHecksel,SteveLaub,SeanBoyerandWilliamF.Hartsell PrinciplesofPalliativeRadiationTherapy 141 RandyL.Wei,BoA.Wan,EdwardChowandStephenLutz PatientSafetyandQuality:ManagementfortheRadiationOncologist 158 FioriAliteandAbhishekA.Solanki Section CancersoftheHeadandNeck 175 SectionEditor:MinYao CarcinomaoftheOralCavity 177 KeithUnger,FelixHo,JamesMelotekandNancyLee OropharyngealCancer 202 CharlesWoods,MitchellMachtayandMinYao vi Contents LarynxandHypopharynx 227 ChanghuChen CarcinomaoftheNasopharynx 248 KeithUnger,FelixHo,JamesMelotekandNancyLee CarcinomaoftheParanasalSinusesandNasalCavity 269 FarzanSiddiqui,NicholasGalanopoulosandMinYao SalivaryGlandCarcinomas 288 AllenM.Chen CervicalNodeswithUnknownPrimaryCarcinomas 300 MinYao,PierreLavertuandMitchellMachtay TemporalBoneTumors 313 AllenM.Chen ThyroidCancer 318 RoiDaganandRobertJ.Amdur HeadandNeckRadiationTherapySequelaeandLateComplicationsandtheRoleofIMRT 335 XiaoshenWangandAvrahamEisbruch Section CanceroftheIntrathorax 349 SectionEditor:MineshP.Mehta LungCancer 351 DeepakKhuntia,PranshuMohindraandMineshP.Mehta CarcinomaoftheEsophagus 385 GraceJ.KimandMohanSuntharalingam Section GastrointestinalMalignancies 397 SectionEditor:ChristopherG.Willett GastricCancer 399 JoannaY.ChinandTheodoreS.Hong PancreaticCancer 409 ManishaPalta,ChristopherG.WillettandBrianG.Czito ColonCancer 429 JenniferY.Wo RectalCancer 438 JenniferY.Wo AnalCancer 466 BrianG.Czito,ManishaPaltaandChristopherG.Willett Section GenitourinaryMalignancies 481 SectionEditor:JasonA.Efstathiou BladderCancer 483 PhillipJ.Gray,WilliamU.ShipleyandJasonA.Efstathiou Contents vii ProstateCancer 497 AbhishekA.Solanki,RebeccaI.Hartman,PhillipJ.Gray,BrentS.Rose,JonathanJ.Paly,KentW.Mouw andJasonA.Efstathiou CarcinomaoftheUpperUrinaryTract 531 AnthonyL.Zietman,JonathanJ.PalyandJasonA.Efstathiou TesticularCancer 539 JonathanJ.PalyandJasonA.Efstathiou PenileCancer 549 KentW.Mouw,AnthonyL.ZietmanandJasonA.Efstathiou Section GynecologicalMalignancies 557 SectionEditor:WilliamSmallJr. Endometrium 559 AnnKloppandPatriciaEifel Vulva 576 KanokpisTownamchai,CaitlinNewhouseandAkilaN.Viswanathan Ovary 597 CharlesA.Kunos Vagina 618 CharlesA.Kunos Cervix 631 CharlesA.Kunos Section MiscellaneousSites 673 SectionEditor:WilliamSmall,Jr CanceroftheSkin 675 JustinLee,ElizabethBarnes,MayTsaoandPhillipDevlin CanceroftheBreast 694 JonathanB.Strauss,MonicaMorrowandWilliamSmallJr Soft-TissueSarcomas 739 JonathanB.AshmanandKaledM.Alektiar TumorsoftheCentralNervousSystem 757 PhillipJ.Gray,JayS.LoefflerandHelenA.Shih TheLymphomas 775 CaitlinCostello,LorenK.MellandParagSanghvi PediatricTumors 805 ShannonM.MacDonald,TorunnI.Yock,NancyJ.TarbellandTamaraZ.Vern-Gross Index 845 ix Dedication We dedicate this book in loving memory of Dr C.C. In2005,theC.C.WangProfessorshipatHarvardMed- Wang (English pronunciation Wong), a gifted clinician, ical School was established in his honor. I am humbled researcher and an outstanding teacher, mentor, and andgratefultobethefirstincumbentofthechairnamed friendandclearlyoneofthegreatfiguresinthehistory afterthisveryspecialphysician. ofourfield. C.C.wasadevotedhusbandandfather.Hisdaughter, Chiu-Chen,alwaysknownas‘C.C.’,arrivedintheUS JaniceaHarvardMedicalSchoolgraduate,surviveshim. in1949fromCanton,China.Hewasabrilliantandener- C.C.wasalsoanexpertgardener.Itwasaspecialhonorto geticyoungphysicianwhospenthisfirstyearintheUS receiveacantaloupefromhisfruitandvegetablegarden. asamedicalinternattheUniversityHospitalinSyracuse, He is still loved and deeply missed by his trainees, NY.HethenwasadmittedtotheDepartmentofRadiol- his patients, and by all of us who were fortunate to ogyatMassachusettsGeneralHospital(MGH)in1950, have called ‘C.C.’ our friend. A day doesn’t go by that with the encouragement of his older brother, Dr C.A. theHarvardresidentsdon’thearaC.C.storyormeeta Wang,anaccomplishedProfessorofSurgeryatHarvard patient whose life was changed forever by this remark- andanendocrinesurgeonatMGH. ablehuman. C.C.’s academic career skyrocketed when he reached Withdevotion, the MGH and Harvard. Within 20 years, he became Professor of Radiation Oncology at Harvard Medical NancyJTarbell,MD,FASTRO School and the Clinical Director of the Department C.C.WangProfessorofRadiationOncology under Dr Herman Suit at the MGH. He had a particu- HarvardMedicalSchool larinterestandexpertiseinmalignanciesoftheheadand neckregionandhewasworld-renownedforhisworkin thisarea.DrWangwasawardedtheASTROGoldMedal. WiththisThirdEditionofClinicalRadiationOncology He was an inspiration for all of us who knew and wehopetocontinueC.C.’seffortstoprovideacompre- workedwithhim.Hechangedthetreatmentofpatients hensive, clinically relevant and practical guide to radia- with cancer in a profound way. He cured thousands of tiononcology.Thistextbookistheresultofoureffortsto patientsduringhiscareer,andIstillmeettheirchildren continueC.C.’suniqueabilitytobringhisclinicaltalents and grandchildren who ask me about the legendary andsuperbteachingmethodstoanewgenerationofradi- Dr Wang. He was always optimistic, telling his patients ation oncologists. We are deeply indebted to C.C., and that ‘C.C.’ stood for ‘cure cancer.’ His sense of humor thisbookisdedicatedtoallhehasdoneforhistrainees, usually led to one of his still-talked-about Chinese patients,andthespecialtyofradiationoncology. aphorisms.Forexampleinidentifyingtheclinicaltarget volume,“…youcannothitahomerunifyoudonotsee NancyJTarbell,MD,FASTRO theball”,or,ontheimportanceoftreatingonlythetumor, MinYao,MD,PhD “…youdonotburndownahousetokillamosquito.” WilliamSmallJr,MD,FACRO,FACR,FASTRO xi Preface Cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and prognosticfactors,treatmenttechniques,applicationsof mortality worldwide: based on GLOBOCAN estimates, surgeryandchemotherapy,endresultsoftreatment,and about 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million pertinentclinicaltrials.Thecomprehensiveandrigorous deaths occurred in 2012, and according to American assessmentofeachtumorsitesetforthinthistextpro- CancerSocietyestimatesapproximately1.69millionnew videsthefoundationfortheproperapplicationofradia- casesofcancerwillbediagnosedintheUnitedStatesin tiontherapytechniquesinthetreatmentofpatientswith 2017,withapproximately601000deaths. cancer. It has been nearly 30 years since the first edition Furthermore, the new edition addresses the latest of Clinical Radiation Oncology: Indications, Techniques developmentsinthefield,includingintensity-modulated and Results was published in 1988, and 17 years since radiation therapy, image-guided radiation therapy, pro- publication of the Second Edition in 2000. Featuring tonbeamradiationtherapy,andpalliativeradiotherapy. contributionsfromrenownedspecialistsandpreparedby We have also added chapters on statistics in radiation thelegendaryDrChiu-ChenWang–“…aneditor well oncologyandquality,whichweareconfidentwillprovide knownforhisskilledandno-nonsensemethodsofdeal- furtherinsighttoourreaders.Thistextisintendedasan ingwiththevarioustypesofmajororgancancers”–these invaluablereferenceforradiationoncologists,oncologic earliereditionspresentedclinicallyrelevantinformation surgeons, medical oncologists, oncology nurses, radia- inauser-friendlyformat. tiontherapists,residents,andstudents. WiththisThirdEdition,thebatonhasbeenpassedand Iamgratefulfortheworkdonebymypredecessoras IhavetheonusofthecontinuationofDrWang’slegacy. stewardofthistextbook,andamespeciallyappreciative Inassumingthisresponsibility,mycolleaguesandIhave of the enormous efforts made by the associate editors, sought to create a text reflective of the changes in the NancyTarbellandMinYao.Theadditionalsectionedi- field of clinical radiation oncology, and in so doing, to tors,MineshMehta,JasonA.EfstathiouandChisWillet continue to build on the immeasurable contribution to puttogetheroutstandingsectionsthatprovideunprece- the medical literature of the textbook’s founding editor. dentedcomprehensiveevaluationsofintrathoracic,geni- Thetextbookisastrongcollaborationofmyself,associate tourinary,andgastrointestinalsites.Iamdeeplyindebted editors, section editors, and many outstanding chapter totheenormouseffortofthechapterauthorswhopro- authors. videdcontentthatfulfilledthehighstandardsexpected. We have aimed to make the new edition even more In addition, I want to thank several individuals who useful to our intended readers: students, specialty and worked most closely with this project at Wiley includ- subspecialtytrainees,practicingclinicians,andacademi- ing Claire Brewer, Jon Peacock, James Schultz, Audrey cians.Wetookasabasicpremisethatthetextbookwould KohandClaireBonnett.IwanttothankShaliniSharma, continue to be comprehensive, incorporating all of the whowascriticalinthefinalproofsforthebook,andAmy significantadvancesmadesincethelastedition,andwrit- Laleman, my Executive Secretary, whose extraordinary tenbyacastofauthorsattheforefrontoftheoncologic efforts helped get this book completed and state of the field. Therefore, this fully updated and enhanced Third artfor2017.AspecialthanksgoesouttoThomasMoore, Editioncontinuestoofferahighlypractical,application- theoriginalsenioreditorofthisedition,withoutwhose basedreviewofthebiologicalbasisofradiationoncology visionandpersistencethisinvaluableresourcewouldnot andtheclinicalefficacyofradiationtherapy. havebeenpossible. The chapters discuss disease by anatomic site and cover relevant background information on each tumor, Sincerely, including epidemiology, pathology, diagnostic workup, WilliamSmallJr,MD,FACRO,FACR,FASTRO xiii Contributors KaledM.Alektiar,MD AllenM.Chen,MD DepartmentofRadiationOncology JoeandJeanBrandmeyerEndowedChairmanand MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenter Professor NewYork,NY,USA DepartmentofRadiationOncology UniversityofKansasSchoolofMedicine FioriAlite,MD AssociateDirector,UniversityofKansasCancerCenter GeisingerMedicalCenter KansasCity,Kansas,USA DepartmentofRadiationOncology Danville,PA,USA ChanghuChen,MD DepartmentofRadiationOncology RobertJ.Amdur,MD UniversityofToledoCollegeofMedicineandLife DepartmentofRadiationOncology Sciences CollegeofMedicine,UniversityofFlorida Toledo,OH,USA Gainesville,FL,USA GeorgeT.Y.Chen,PhD JonathanB.Ashman,MD,PhD DepartmentofRadiationOncology DepartmentofRadiationOncology HarvardMedicalSchool MayoClinic Boston,MA,USA Phoenix,AZ,USA JoannaY.Tansky,MD,PhD ElizabethA.Barnes,MD,FRCPC DepartmentofRadiationOncology DepartmentofRadiationOncology MassachusettsGeneralHospital OdetteCancerCentre Boston,MA,USA SunnybrookHealthSciencesCentre UniversityofToronto EdwardChow,BBS,MSc,PhD,FRCPC Toronto,Ontario,Canada DepartmentofRadiationOncology OdetteCancerCenter SeanBoyer,MS SunnybrookHealthSciencesCentre NorthwesternMedicineChicagoProton UniversityofToronto Center Toronto,Ontario,Canada Warrenville,IL,USA CaitlinCostello,MD KristyK.Brock,PhD DepartmentofMedicine,DivisionofBloodandMarrow Professor,DepartmentofImagingPhysics Transplantation TheUniversityofTexasMDAndersonCancer MooresCancerCenter Center UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego Houston,TX,USA LaJolla,CA,USA TimothyA.Chan,MD,PhD BrianG.Czito,MD DepartmentofRadiationOncology DepartmentofRadiationOncology MemorialSloanKetteringCancerCenter DukeUniversity NewYork,NY,USA Durham,NC,USA xiv Contributors RoiDagan,MD,MS JohnP.Hayes,MD UFHealthProtonTherapyInstitute RadiationOncology DepartmentofRadiationOncology RHLurieComprehensiveCancerCenterof UniversityofFlorida,CollegeofMedicine NorthwesternUniversity Jacksonville,FL,USA Chicago,IL,USA LauraA.Dawson,MD DraikHecksel,PhD RadiationMedicineProgram NorthwesternMedicineChicagoProtonCenter PrincessMargaretHospital Warrenville,IL,USA UniversityHealthNetwork; DepartmentofRadiationOncology FelixHo,MD,MPH UniversityofToronto SUNYDownstateMedicalCenter Toronto,Ontario,Canada Brooklyn,NY,USA PhillipM.Devlin,MD,FACR,FASTRO,FFRRCSI(Hon) TheodoreS.Hong,MD Chief,DivisionofBrachytherapy DepartmentofRadiationOncology InstitutePhysician,DanaFarberCancerInstitute MassachusettsGeneralHospital AssociateProfessorofRadiationOncology Boston,MA,USA HarvardMedicalSchool Boston,MA,USA BorisHristov,MD UnitedStatesAirForce JasonA.Efstathiou,MD,DPhil MassachusettsGeneralHospital RadiationOncology DepartmentofRadiationOncology Dayton,Ohio,USA HarvardMedicalSchool Boston,MA,USA DeepakKhuntia,MD VarianMedicalSystemsandPrecisionCancer PatriciaEifel,MD,FASTRO Specialists Professor PaloAlto,CA,USA DepartmentofRadiationOncology TheUniversityofTexasMDAndersonCancerCenter GraceJ.Kim,MD,PhD Texas,USA DepartmentofRadiationOncology UniversityofMarylandMedicalCenter AvrahamEisbruch,MD Baltimore,MD,USA DepartmentofRadiationOncology UniversityofMichigan AnnKlopp,MD,PhD AnnArbor,MI,USA RadiationOncology TheUniversityofTexasMDAndersonCancerCenter NicholasGalanopoulos,MD Houston,TX,USA MarkM.ConnollyCenterforCancerandSpecialtyCare PresenceSt.JosephHospital JongH.Kung Chicago,IL,USA DepartmentofRadiationOncology MassachusettsGeneralHospital PhillipJ.Gray,MD HarvardMedicalSchool TheCHEMCenterforRadiationOncology Boston,MA,USA HallmarkHealthSystem Stoneham,MA,USA CharlesA.Kunos,MD,PhD RebeccaI.Hartman,MD DepartmentofRadiationOncologyandCase DepartmentofDermatology ComprehensiveCancerCenter HarvardMedicalSchool UniversityHospitalsCaseMedicalCenterandCase Boston,MA,USA WesternReserveUniversitySchoolofMedicine Cleveland,OH,USA WilliamF.Hartsell,MD RadiationOncologyConsultants,Ltd SteveLaub,MS NorthwesternMedicineChicagoProtonCenter NorthwesternMedicineChicagoProtonCenter Warrenville,IL,USA Warrenville,IL,USA
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