Clinical Pharmacology of Sleep PDF
Preview Clinical Pharmacology of Sleep
Clinical Pharmacology of Sleep Edited by S.R. Pandi-Perumal and J.M. Monti Birkha¨userVerlag Basel •Boston •Berlin S.R.Pandi-Perumal JaimeM.Monti ComprehensiveCenterforSleepMedicine PharmacologyandTherapeutics DepartmentofPulmonary,CriticalCare, 2833/602ZudanezStreet andSleepMedicine Montevideo11300 MountSinaiSchoolofMedicine Uruguay 1176,5thAvenue NewYork,NY10029 USA ACIPcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress,Washington D.C.,USA BibliographicinformationpublishedbyDieDeutscheBibliothek DieDeutscheBibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataisavailableintheInternetat<http://dnb.ddb.de>. ISBN10:3-7643-7262-1Birkha¨userVerlag,Basel–Boston–Berlin ISBN13:978-3-7643-7262-0 Thepublisherandeditorcangivenoguaranteefortheinformationondrugdosageandad- ministration contained in this publication. The respective user must check its accuracy by consultingothersourcesofreferenceineachindividualcase. Theuseofregisterednames,trademarksetc.inthispublication,evenifnotidentifiedassuch, doesnotimplythattheyareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsorfree forgeneraluse. Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks.Foranykindofuse,permissionofthecopyrightownermustbeobtained. (cid:1)c 2006Birkha¨userVerlag,P.O.Box133,CH-4010Basel,Switzerland PartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia Printedonacid-freepaperproducedfromchlorine-freepulp.TCF∞ PrintedinGermany Coverdesign:MichaLotrovsky,4106Therwil,Switzerland Coverillustration:midlinesagittalT2-weightedmagneticresonanceimageoftheheadwith a color gradient applied to the brain. Regions of dark green correspond with gray matter, lighter green with white matter, and pink with either white matter tracts which are more denselymyelinated(corpuscallosum,transversepontinefibers,spinaltracts)ormineralized graymatter(rednucleus).Acknowledgement:BradleyN.Delman,MD,AssistantProfessor ofRadiology,MountSinaiSchoolofMedicine. Typesetting:PTP-BerlinProtago-TEX-ProductionGmbH,Germany ISBN10:3-7643-7262-1 e-ISBN:3-7643-7440-3 ISBN13:978-3-7643-7262-0 987654321 www.birkhauser.ch Contents Listofcontributors ............................................... VII Foreword....................................................... XI Preface.........................................................XIII Creditsandacknowledgements...................................... XV Dedication......................................................XVII KennethL.Lichstein,LesA.Gellis,KristinC.StoneandSidneyD.Nau Primaryandsecondaryinsomnia .................................... 1 PavlosSakkasandConstantinR.Soldatos Primaryinsomnia:diagnosisandtreatment ............................ 11 PeterR.BuchananandRonaldR.Grunstein Neuropharmacologyofobstructivesleepapneaandcentralapnea .......... 21 ChristianGuilleminault,Yu-ShuHuangandChia-MoLin Narcolepsysyndrome:anewviewatthebeginningofthesecondmillennium. 43 MarcoZucconiandMauroManconi Sleepdisturbancesinrestlesslegssyndrome(RLS)and periodiclimbmovements(PLM) .................................... 61 Chien-MingYang,Hsiao-SuiLoandArthurJ.Spielman Sleepdisturbancesinanxietydisorders ............................... 81 LucStaner,RemyLuthringerandOlivierLeBon Sleepdisturbancesinaffectivedisorders .............................. 101 RogerGodbout Sleepdisturbanceinschizophrenia................................... 125 VI Contents JudithA.OwensandManishaB.Witmans Clinicalpharmacologyofsleepdisturbancesin childrenandadolescents ........................................... 133 TejasR.Shah,NikolaN.TrajanovicandColinM.Shapiro Assessmentandtreatmentofsleepdisturbancesinagedpopulation ......... 153 MichaelV.Vitiello SleepdisturbancesinAlzheimer’sdisease ............................. 173 Pa¨iviPolo-Kantola Sleepdisturbanceduringmenopause ................................. 183 DanielP.CardinaliandSeithikurippuR.Pandi-Perumal Chronopharmacologyanditsimplicationstothepharmacologyofsleep ..... 197 JaimeM.MontiandDanielMonti Overviewofcurrentlyavailablebenzodiazepineand nonbenzodiazepinehypnotics....................................... 207 MalcolmLader Reboundandwithdrawalwithbenzodiazepineand non-benzodiazepinehypnoticmedication.............................. 225 Index .......................................................... 235 List of contributors PeterR.Buchanan,SleepInvestigationUnit,DepartmentofRespiratoryandSleep Medicine,Level11,SleepandCircadianResearchGroup,WoolcockInstituteof MedicalResearch;andRoyalPrinceAlfredHospital,MissendenRoad,Camper- down,Sydney,NSW2050,Australia;e-mail:[email protected] DanielP.Cardinali,DepartmentodeFisiolog´ıa,FacultaddeMedicina,Universidad deBuenosAires,Paraguay2155,1121BuenosAires,Argentina; e-mail:[email protected] LesA.Gellis,DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofMemphis,202Psychology Bldg,Memphis,TN38152-3230,USA;e-mail:[email protected] RogerGodbout,SleepLaboratoryandClinic,HoˆpitalRivie`re-des-Prairies,Univer- site´ deMontre´al,7070Boul.Perras,Montre´al(Que´bec),CanadaH1E1A4; e-mail:[email protected] RonaldR.Grunstein,SleepandCircadianResearchGroup,WoolcockInstituteof MedicalResearch;andSleepInvestigationUnit,DepartmentofRespiratoryand SleepMedicine,RoyalPrinceAlfredHospital,MissendenRoad,Camperdown, Sydney,NSW2050,Australia;e-mail:[email protected] Christian Guilleminault, Stanford University Sleep Disorders Clinic, Psychiatry Building,401QuarryRoad,Rm.3301MC5730,Stanford,CA94305,USA; e-mail:[email protected] Yu-Shu Huang, Stanford University Sleep Disorders Clinic, Psychiatry Building, 401QuarryRoad,Rm.3301MC5730,Stanford,CA94305,USA;andChang Gung University Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry and Sleep Clinic, Taipei,Taiwan Malcolm Lader, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, LondonSE58AF,UnitedKingdom;e-mail:[email protected] OlivierLeBon,DepartmentofPsychiatry,HoˆpitalUniversitaireBrugmann,Free UniversityofBrussels,Brussels,Belgium;e-mail:[email protected] Kenneth L. Lichstein, Sleep Research Project, Department of Psychology, The UniversityofAlabam,Box870348,Tuscaloosa,AL35487-0348,USA; e-mail:[email protected] Chia-MoLin,StanfordUniversitySleepDisordersClinic,PsychiatryBuilding,401 QuarryRoad,Rm.3301MC5730,Stanford,CA94305,USA;andShinKong WuHo-SuMemorialHospital,SleepClinic,Taipei,Taiwan Hsiao-SuiLo,ChungShanMedicalUniversity,DepartmentofNeurology,No.110, Sec.1,Chien-KuoN.Rd.,Taichung402,Taiwan;e-mail:[email protected] VIII Listofcontributors Remy Luthringer, Unite´ d’Exploration des RythmesVeille-Sommeil, FORENAP Pharma, Centre Hospitalier de Rouffach, 27 rue du 4 RSM, 68250 Rouffach, France;e-mail:[email protected] MauroManconi,SleepDisordersCenter,DepartmentofNeurology,HSanRaffaele Turro,ViaStaminad’Ancona20,20127Milan,Italy DanielMonti,DepartmentofPsychiatry,AlleghenyGeneralHospital,Pittsburgh, PA15212,USA;e-mail:[email protected] JaimeM.Monti,DepartmentofPharmacologyandTherapeutics,ClinicsHospital, 2833/602ZudanezStreet,Montevideo11300,Uruguay; e-mail:[email protected] SidneyD.Nau,SleepResearchProject,DepartmentofPsychology,TheUniversity ofAlabama,Box870348,Tuscaloosa,AL35487-0348,USA; e-mail:[email protected] JudithA.Owens,DivisionofPediatricAmbulatoryMedicine,RhodeIslandHos- pital,593EddySt.,PotterBldg.,Suite200,Providence,RI02903,USA; e-mail:[email protected] Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, De- partmentofPulmonary,CriticalCare,andSleepMedicine;MountSinaiSchool ofMedicine,1176,5thAvenue,NewYork,NY10029,USA; e-mail:[email protected] Pa¨iviPolo-Kantola,DepartmentofObstetricsandGynecology,UniversityCentral Hospital of Turku, Sleep Research Center Dentalia and Department of Public HealthUniversityofTurku,FIN-20520Turku,Finland; e-mail:paivi.polo-kantola@tyks.fi Tejas R. Shah, Sleep and Alertness Clinic, Med West Medical Centre, 221–750 DundasStreetWest,Toronto,ON,M6J3S3,Canada; e-mail:[email protected] Colin M. Shapiro, Sleep Research Unit, TorontoWestern Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street7MP–421,Toronto,ON,M5T2S8,Canada; e-mail:[email protected] Arthur J. Spielman, New York Methodist Hospital, Center for Sleep Disorders MedicineandResearch,Brooklyn,40East9thStreet,6F,NewYork,NY10003, USA; and The City College of the City University of NewYork, Department of Psychology, NewYork, USA; and Presbyterian Hospital, Center for Sleep Medicine,WeillMedicalCollege,NewYork,USA LucStaner,Unite´d’ExplorationdesRythmesVeille-Sommeil,FORENAPPharma, CentreHospitalierdeRouffach,27ruedu4RSM,68250Rouffach,France; e-mail:[email protected] Pavlos Sakkas, Department of Psychiatry, University ofAthens, 74Vas Sophias Ave.,Athens,11528,Greece;e-mail:[email protected] Constantin R. Soldatos, Department of Psychiatry, University ofAthens, 74Vas SophiasAve.,Athens,11528,Greece;e-mail:[email protected] KristinC.Stone,DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofMemphis,202Psychol- ogyBldg,Memphis,TN38152-3230,USA;e-mail:[email protected] Listofcontributors IX NikolaN.Trajanovic,SleepandAlertnessClinic,MedWestMedicalCentre,221- 750DundasStreetWest,Toronto,ON,M6J3S3,Canada; e-mail:[email protected] MichaelV.Vitiello,DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,University ofWashington,PsychiatryBox356560,SeattleWA,98195-6560,USA; e-mail:[email protected] ManishaB.Witmans,StolleryChildren’sHospital,UniversityofAlbertaHospital, Edmonton,Alberta,Canada Chien-MingYang, National Chenchi University, Department of Psychology, 64 Chi-NanRd.,Sec.2,Taipei116,Taiwan;e-mail:[email protected] MarcoZucconi,SleepDisordersCenter,DepartmentofNeurology,HSanRaffaele Turro,ViaStaminad’Ancona20,20127Milan,Italy; e-mail:[email protected] Foreword Fromtheemergenceofclinicalsleepmedicinemarkedbytheestablishmentofthe harbingerStanfordSleepDisordersClinicinthemid1970s,offspringsleepdisor- dersclinicsandcentershavegrownexponentiallywiththerecognitionoftheunmet diagnostic and treatment needs of the reservoir of patients suffering from symp- toms of what are now recognized and classified as the nosology of human sleep disorders. Important in the growing armamentarium of treatment options for the sleeppractitionerarebothtraditionalandnewerpharmacologicalagents,including over-the-counter, non-traditional, and prescription types, that are all used to treat, sometimesadjunctively,mostclinicallyrecognizedsleepdisorders. Althoughtherearenumerousacademictreatisesandreviewsdealingwithindi- vidualtreatmentalternativesforthediversityofrecognizedsleepdisorders,noone comprehensive resource, extant, has dealt with pharmacological treatment options and strategies for the major human sleep disorders associated with a panoply of symptomaticconditions.Thepresentvolumeanditsseriesofchaptersindividually focusing on a range of human conditions, from pediatric sleep disorders to sleep- relateddisordersofindividualssufferingfromAlzheimer’sdementia,uniquelycover thewiderangeofhumanmedicalconditionsamenabletothoughtfullysleep-related applieddrugtherapy. The Editors have brought together a superb group of internationally respected sleepclinicians,andresearchers,thatprovidestate-of-the-artanalysisofthecurrent basic and clinical perspective regarding the most common sleep disorders that are amenabletopharmacologicaltreatment.Ineachchaptertheauthorsoutlineathor- oughhistoricalbackgroundoftheparticulardisorderandreviewthebasicpre-clinical studiesleadingtocurrenttreatmentoptions. Readerscanpickfromchaptersregardingclinicalconditionsforwhichtheyhave particularinterestorcanquicklyscanchapterstobringthemselvesuptodateabout themostcurrentviewsregardingtreatmentoptionsinavarietyofhumanconditions withparticularsleep-relatedsymptomatologies.Overlappingmaterialoccasionally occurs between various chapters but this poses no real concern as it is unlikely thatindividualreaderswillreadstraightthroughallthechapters,thisbeingareview volume.Readerswillhaveatendencytopickandchoosetheirclinicalsubjectmatter asitrelatestotheirinterestinspecificconditionsandtheirclinicalpharmacology. ClinicalPharmacologyofSleepisanimportantandtimelymonographdealing withthesecondorthirdgenerationpharmacologicaltreatmentstrategiesavailableto thesleepdisorderspractitioner.Undoubtedly,thesestrategieswillfurtherevolveover XII Foreword timewiththedevelopmentofmoretargetedpharmacologicalagentsorcombinations of drugs based on both preclinical and well as more controlled clinical trials and studies.Untilthen,thisvolumebringstogethertheextantstate-of-the-artinformation that will help sleep professionals as well as interested neuroscientists and, indeed, thelaypublicinterestedtheevolvingpharmacologyofsleepanditsdisorders. StevenHenriksen,PhD TheScrippsResearchInstitute DepartmentofMolecularandIntegrativeNeurosciences October,2005 Preface During the past decades, sleep research has seen enormous progress. Numerous discoveries have been described in a wealth of papers of ever increasing size and complexity.Thesepublicationshavebecomedifficulttofollownotonlybecauseof theirnumber,butalsobecausetheyhavebeenpublishedspecialtyjournalsthatare noteasilyaccessible. The clinical pharmacology of sleep is a fascinating field of medical science. Itssubjectmattertouchesallfacetsofourhealthandwellbeing.Additionallyitis becomingahighlyinterdisciplinaryfield.Wehavestriventopresentchapters,which hopefullywillmakethereader’sexperiencebothenjoyableaswellasmeaningful. This book is intended primarily for sleep researchers, general- and neurophar- macologists,psychiatrists,andphysicianswhoevaluateandtreatsleepdisorders.In addition, the volume will be useful to pharmacologists, pharmacists, medical stu- dents and clinicians of various disciplines who want to get an overall grasp of the clinicalpharmacologyofsleep. Thisvolumeincludescontributionsfromawiderangeofauthors,manyofwhom areworld-recognizedauthoritiesintheirfield.Chaptersinthisvolumedealwitha rangeoftopics,including,amongothers,thepharmacologicaltreatmentofinsom- nia,sleepdisturbanceinanxietydisorders,benzodiazepineandnon-benzodiazepine hypnoticsandtheirmolecularpharmacology,reboundandwithdrawaleffects,and chronopharmacology and its implications for the pharmacology of sleep. A wide rangeofnewdrugsandpharmacologicalconceptsarediscussedinthevolume.The readermayfeelconfidentthattheinformationpresentedisbasedonthemostrecent sleep pharmacology literature. Furthermore, the importance of this information to medicineandtherapeuticsisstressed. Thisbookwillexploremanyofthesenewandexcitingdevelopments.Unfortu- nately,itisimpossibleinabooksuchasthistoincludeallrecentadvances,butthat iswhatmakesClinicalpharmacologysuchanexcitingfieldtoexplore. Ithasbeentheintentionoftheeditorstoprovideinthisvolumeacomprehensive andup-to-datecoverageofspecializedtopicsintheclinicalpharmacologyofsleep. Itisourhopethatwehavesucceededinaccomplishingthisgoal. Theeditorsandauthorswouldappreciatefeedbackonthecontentsofthebook withparticularregardtoomissionsandinaccuracies. NewYork/Montevideo,July2005 S.R.Pandi-Perumal J.M.Monti
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