Clinical Pathology Ain Shams

182 Pages·049.242 MB·English

by  Ain Shams University

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Intended Learning Objectives: .......•... · •• · ·· · .. · •• •· · ·•. ...... 1
Chapter I. Haematology:
2
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Red Blood Cell Parameters
Anaemias:
Morphological Classification of Anaemia 4
Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia 4
6
Macrocytic Anaemia
Normochromic Normocytic Anaemia 7
Anaemia of Chronic Disorders 7
Haemolytic Anaemia 8
14
Polycythaemia
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 15
·------Le-uc-ocy-te-s: ----------------------1~6
Reactive Disorders of Leucocytes 18
Infectious Mononucleosis 20
20
Lcukacmias:
21
Acute Leukemia
22
Chronic Leukemia
25
Multiple Myeloma
26
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
27
Hypersplenism
Bone Marrow Examination 28
29
Hacmostasis:
Physiology of Haemostasis 29
Laboratory Evaluation of Homeostatic Function 34
""31
Btecdmg D1sordcrs:
37
Vascular Disorders
38
Thrombocytopenia
Qualitative Platelet Disorders 39
40
Coagulation Disorders
43
Blood Transfusion
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Chapter 2. Clinical Chemistry:
Hepatobiliary Disorders: 50
. Bilirubin 50
. Serum Enzyme Assays 53
. Serum Proteins , Allumin & Prothuombim time 54
Diabetes Mellitus: 56
Plasma Glucose 57
Diabetes mellitus 58
Laboratory Diagnosis 59
Monitoring of Glycaemic Control 61
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 63
Disorders of Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins: 66
Lipoprotein Disorders 67
coal Diseases: 69
Urine Analysis 70
Kidney Function Tests 74
Biochemical Findings in Some Renal Disorders 78
Acid Base Balance: 79
Respiratory Disturbances 79
Metabolic Disturbances 80
81
Potassium 82
Usc of Enzymes in Clinical Diagnosis:
/ / Cardiac Enzymes in Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction 84
/ Acid Phosphatase 87
Serum Amylase 88
Clinical Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate: 88
Serum Calcium 89
Serum Phosphorus 89
Hyperparathyroidism 90
Hypoparathyroidism 91
Metabolic Bone Diseases 92
~gland:)_ 93
yroid Function Tests: 94
Hypothyroidism 96
Hyperthyroidism 96
Non-Thyroidal Illness and the Sick Euthyroid Syndrome 97
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Chapter 3. Clinical Immunology:
Autoimmune Diseases: 99
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 101
Rheumatoid Arthritis 103
Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases 103
Disorders of the Pancreas 104
Immunological Blood Diseases lOS
Myasthenia Gravis lOS
Immunological Diagnosis of Liver Diseases: lOS
Acute Viral Hepatitis 106
Chronic Hepatitis 108
Hepatocellular Carcinoma 110
Hypersensitivity 110
Immunologically Mediated Renal Diseases 112
Immunodeficiency Diseases 113
Miscellaneous Immunological Diseases 116
Tumor Markers -- 117
Chapter 4. Clinical Microbiology: 119
ormal Flora 119
icrobilogy Laboratory and Pre-analytical Variables 122
iagnosis Of Infectious Diseaeses 126
Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections 127
Body Fluid Effusion 129
Blood Stream Invasion 130
Urinary Tract Infections 135
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 136
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections 137
Tuberculosis (T.B) 138
Gastrointestinal Tract Infections 139
Pyrexia of Unknown Origin 139
Brucellosis 140
Lower Genital Tract Infections and Sexually Transmitted
Disease 141
Transplacental Infections 144
Abscesses and Wound Infections 145
Anerobic Infections 146
Antibiotics 148
Infection Control and Safety Measures 151
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Chapter 5. Flow charts:
Flow chart for Investigating Jaundice (I) 157
Flow chart for Investigating Jaundice (2) 158
Flow chart tor Investigating Diabetes Mellitus 159
Flow chart tor Investigating llypothyroidism 160
Flow chart for Investigating Hyperthyroidism 161
Flow chart for Investigating Rheumatic Diseases 162
Flow chart for Investigating Acute Hepatitis 163
Flow chart for Investigating Chronic Hepatitis 164
flow chart tor Investigating Immunodeficiency 165
Flow chart for classification ofbacteria. 166
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