Clinical Pain Management Second Edition: Acute Pain PDF
Preview Clinical Pain Management Second Edition: Acute Pain
Clinical Pain Management Acute Pain LEAD EDITOR Andrew SCRiceMBBSMD FRCA Reader inPainResearch, Department ofAnaesthetics, PainMedicineandIntensive Care Imperial College London; andHonoraryConsultant inPainMedicine, Chelsea and WestminsterHospital FoundationNHS Trust, London,UK SERIES EDITORS DouglasJustins MBBSFRCA Fellowofthe FacultyofPainMedicine ofthe Royal College ofAnaesthetists Consultantin PainMedicine andAnaesthesia PainManagement Centre StThomas’ Hospital London,UK TobyNewton-JohnBA(Hons)MPsych(Clin) PhD ConsultantClinical Psychologist andProgram Director Innervate PainProgramand Faculty ofMedicine, University ofSydney Australia RichardF Howard BScMBChB FRCA Fellowofthe FacultyofPainMedicine ofthe Royal College ofAnaesthetists Consultantin Paediatric Anaesthesia andPain Management Great Ormond Street Hospitalfor Children London,UK Christine AMiaskowski RNPhDFAAN Professor andAssociate Deanfor Academic Affairs Department ofPhysiologicalNursing UCSF SchoolofNursing SanFrancisco,CA, USA Acute Pain EditedbyPamelaE Macintyre, Suellen MWalker,and David J Rowbotham Chronic Pain EditedbyPeter RWilson,PaulJ Watson, Jennifer AHaythornthwaite, and TroelsSJensen Cancer Pain EditedbyNigel Sykes, MichaelIBennett, and Chun-Su Yuan Practice and Procedures EditedbyHarald Breivik, WilliamICampbell, and Michael KNicholas Clinical Pain Management Acute Pain 2nd edition Edited by Pamela E Macintyre BMEDSC MBBS FANZCA MHA FFPMANZCA Consultant Anaesthetist; and Director, Acute Pain Service Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Medicine and Hyperbaric Medicine Royal Adelaide Hospital and University of Adelaide Adelaide, Australia Suellen M Walker MBBS MM(PM) MSC PHD FANZCA FFPMANZCA Clinical Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust London, UK David J Rowbotham MB CHB MD MRCP FRCA Professor of Anaesthesia and Pain Management; and Head, Clinical Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester Leicester, UK FirstpublishedinGreatBritainin2003 Thissecondeditionpublishedin2008by HodderArnold,animprintofHodderEducation, partofHachetteLivreUK,338EustonRoad,LondonNW13BH http://www.hoddereducation.com &2008Hodder&StoughtonLimited Allrightsreserved.ApartfromanyusepermittedunderUKcopyrightlaw,thispublicationmayonlybe reproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyform,orbyanymeanswithpriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers orinthecaseofreprographicproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyright LicensingAgency.IntheUnitedKingdomsuchlicencesareissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency:Saffron House,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. HachetteLivreUK’spolicyistousepapersthatarenatural,renewable,andrecyclableproductsandmadefrom woodgrowninsustainableforests.Theloggingandmanufacturingprocessesareexpectedtoconformtothe environmentalregulationsofthecountryoforigin. Whilsttheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofgoingtopress, neithertheauthor[s]northepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissions thatmaybemade.Inparticular,(butwithoutlimitingthegeneralityoftheprecedingdisclaimer)everyefforthas beenmadetocheckdrugdosages;howeveritisstillpossiblethaterrorshavebeenmissed.Furthermore,dosage schedulesareconstantlybeingrevisedandnewside-effectsrecognized.Forthesereasonsthereaderisstrongly urgedtoconsultthedrugcompanies’printedinstructionsbeforeadministeringanyofthedrugsrecommended inthisbook. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN978-0-340-94009-9(AcutePain) ISBN978-0-340-94008-2(ChronicPain) ISBN978-0-340-94007-5(CancerPain) ISBN978-0-340-94006-8(PracticeandProcedures) ISBN978-0-340-93992-5(4volset:AcutePain/ChronicPain/CancerPain/PracticeandProcedures/Webedition) 12345678910 CommissioningEditor: JoannaKoster ProjectEditor: ZelahPengilley ProductionController: JoannaWalker CoverDesign: HelenTownson Typesetin10ptMinionbyMacmillanIndia PrintedandboundintheUKbyMPGBooks,Bodmin,Cornwall TextprintedonFSCaccreditedmaterial Whatdoyouthinkaboutthisbook?OranyotherHodderArnoldtitle? Pleasevisitourwebsite:www.hoddereducation.com Contents Contributors vii Series preface xi Introduction toClinical Pain Management: Acute Pain xiii Howto usethis book xv Abbreviations xvii PART I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 1a Applied physiology ofnociception 3 Pierre Beaulieu 1b Mechanisms ofinflammatory hyperalgesia 20 Suellen MWalker 2 Developmental neurobiologyofnociception 32 Suellen MWalker 3 Clinical pharmacology:opioids 53 DavidJ Rowbotham, Alcira Serrano-Gomez,and AnneHeffernan 4 Clinical pharmacology:traditional NSAIDs andselective COX-2 inhibitors 68 Stephen FJones andAidanMO’Donnell 5 Clinical pharmacology:paracetamol andcompound analgesics 84 PhilWiffen 6 Clinical pharmacology:other adjuvants 96 EvangelosTziavrangos andStephan ASchug 7 Clinical pharmacology:local anesthetics 113 JonathanMCGhieand Michael GSerpell 8 Assessment, measurement, andhistory 135 DavidAScottand WendyMMcDonald 9 Preventive analgesia andbeyond: currentstatus, evidence,and futuredirections 154 JoelKatzand HanceClarke PART II MANAGEMENT –TECHNIQUES 199 10 Routes ofadministration 201 JeremyCashman 11 Patient-controlled analgesia 217 Pamela E MacintyreandJulia Coldrey 12 Continuousperipheral neural blockadeforacute pain 236 Kim ERusson andWilliam Harrop-Griffiths 13 Epidural andspinalanalgesia 255 SinaGrape andStephan ASchug vi]Contents 14 Transcutaneouselectrical nerve stimulation(TENS)andacupunctureforacute pain 271 Mark IJohnson,Stephen G Oxberry, andKaren HSimpson 15 Psychological therapies – adults 291 HClareDaniel 16 Psychological interventions foracutepediatric pain 308 Christina LiossiandLindaS Franck PART III MANAGEMENT –CLINICALSITUATIONS 325 17 Postoperative pain managementfollowing day surgery 327 GirishP Joshi 18 Acutepain management in theintensive care unit 343 RScott Simpson 19 Acutepain management in theemergencydepartment 360 Anne-Maree KellyandBarry DGunn 20 Acutepain management in fieldanddisaster situations 374 Chester CBuckenmaier III 21 Acutepain management in thedeveloping world 389 Matthew HJSizeandIain HWilson 22 Acutepain management in burns 399 John Kinsellaand Colin PRae 23 Acutepain andmedical disorders 410 EricJ Visser andCRogerGoucke 24 Acutemusculoskeletal pain 430 MiltonLCohen 25 Acutelowbackpain 444 MiltonLCohen 26 Painin pregnancy, childbirth,andthe puerperium 460 Philip Hessand PedramAleshi 27 Acutepain management in children 477 Richard FHoward 28 Acutepain management in theelderly patient 504 Pamela EMacintyre andRichard Upton 29 Acuterehabilitation ofsportinjury 526 Louise Tulloh, LeoPinczewski, andIan Power 30 The opioid-tolerant patient, includingthose withasubstance abusedisorder 539 LindyJ Roberts 31 Preventing chronicpain aftersurgery 558 William AMacrae, Alison EPowell, andJulie Bruce Index 571 Pleasenote:ThetableofcontentsandacombinedindexforallfourvolumesintheseriescanbefoundontheClinicalPainManagement website at:www.clinicalpainmanagement.co.uk. Contributors PedramAleshi MD Linda SFranckPhDRNRGNRSCNFRCPCHFAAN Clinical Fellow Professor andChair Harvard MedicalSchool, Department ofAnaesthesia Children’s NursingResearch,Patient Care Researchand Beth Israel DeaconessMedicalCenter InnovationCentre, UCL Institute ofChild Health, Great Ormond Boston, MA,USA Street Hospital forChildrenNHS Trust, London,UK Pierre Beaulieu MDPhDFRCA CRoger GouckeMBChBFANZCAFFPMANZCA Associate Professor Head Department ofAnesthesiology andPharmacology, CHUM Department ofPainManagement, Sir CharlesGairdner Hospital Montreal, Canada Nedlands, Western Australia Julie Bruce RGNBScMScPhD SinaGrape MD MRCSenior Research Fellow Senior Registrar Department ofPublic Health,School ofMedicine Department ofAnaesthesia andPainMedicine University ofAberdeen,Aberdeen, UK Royal Perth Hospital Perth, Australia Chester CBuckenmaierIII MD Assistant Professor,Uniformed Services UniversityChief Barry DGunn MBBSFACEM ArmyRegionalAnesthesiaandPainManagementInitiative Emergency Physician WalterReed Army MedicalCenter, Washington, DC, USA WesternHealth, Footscray,Victoria, Australia Jeremy CashmanBABScMBBSMDFRCA William Harrop-Griffiths MAMBBSFRCA Fellowofthe FacultyofPainMedicine ofthe ConsultantAnaesthetist Royal College ofAnaesthetists Department ofAnaesthesia, StMary’s Hospital ConsultantAnaesthetist London,UK StGeorge’s Hospital London,UK Anne Heffernan MBMScMDFFARCSI Consultant Hance ClarkeMscMD Department ofAnaesthesia andPainMedicine, Tallaght Hospital Department ofAnesthesia Dublin 24, Ireland University ofToronto Toronto, Canada Philip Hess MD Assistant ProfessorofAnesthesia Milton LCohenMBBSMDFRACPFFPMANZCA Associate Professor Anesthesia andCritical Care Rheumatology andPainMedicine, StVincent’sCampus, Sydney Beth Israel DeaconessMedicalCenter Darlinghurst, NSW,Australia Boston, MA,USA JuliaColdrey MBBS(Hons)FANZCA RichardF HowardBScMBChBFRCA ConsultantAnaesthetist Fellowofthe FacultyofPainMedicine ofthe Department ofAnaesthesia, HyperbaricMedicine andPain Royal College ofAnaesthetists Medicine, Royal AdelaideHospital Consultantin Anaesthesia andPainManagement Adelaide,Australia Great Ormond Street Hospitalfor Children London,UK H ClareDaniel BSc(Hons)DClinPsych ConsultantClinical Psychologist MarkIJohnson BSc(Hons)PhD PainManagement Centre Professor ofPain andAnalgesia,Faculty ofHealth The National Hospitalfor NeurologyandNeurosurgery Leeds Metropolitan University; and London,UK Leeds PalliumResearch Group, Leeds,UK viii ]Contributors Stephen F JonesMBBSFRCA Jonathan MCGhie MBChBFRCAFFPMANZCA ConsultantAnaesthetist Consultantin Anaesthesia andPainMedicine Department ofAnaesthesia, Waikato Hospital Department ofAnaesthesia, WesternInfirmary Hamilton, NewZealand Glasgow,UK Girish P JoshiMBBSMDFFARCSI AidanM O’Donnell BScMBChBFRCA Professor ofAnesthesiologyandPainManagement, Director of ConsultantAnaesthetist Perioperative Medicine andAmbulatoryAnesthesia StJohn’sHospital, Livingston, UK University ofTexasSouthwestern Medical Center Dallas,Texas,USA Stephen GOxberry MBChBBScMRCP Specialist Registrar in Palliative Medicine JoelKatzPhD Yorkshire Deanery,Leeds, UK AcutePainResearch Unit,Department ofAnesthesia and PainManagement, Toronto General Hospital and Leo Pinczewski Mount SinaiHospital; and Orthopaedic Surgeon Professor North SydneyOrthopaedic andSportsMedicine Centre Department ofAnesthesia,University ofToronto; and Sydney, Australia Professor andCanadaResearch Chair Department ofPsychology,York University Alison EPowell MAPhD Toronto, ON,Canada Health Services Researcher Centre for PublicPolicyandManagement Anne-MareeKellyMDMClinEDFACEM University ofStAndrews, StAndrews, UK Academic Head, Emergency Medicine andDirector Joseph EinsteinCentre forEmergency Medicine Resarch WesternHealth, Footscray IanPowerBSc(Hons)MDFRCAFFPMANZCAFANZCAFRCSEdFRCPEdin Professor ofAnaesthesia Victoria, Australia;and Critical Care andPainMedicine, The UniversityofEdinburgh Professorial Fellow Edinburgh, UK The University ofMelbourne,Australia John KinsellaMBBSMDFRCA Colin P RaeMBChBFRCA(Lond) Professor andHead ofSectionofAnaesthesia Fellowofthe FacultyofPainMedicine ofthe PainandCritical Care Medicine Royal College ofAnaesthetists University ofGlasgow Consultantin Anesthesia andPain Management Glasgow Royal Infirmary Department ofAnesthesia,Glasgow Royal Infirmary Glasgow,UK Glasgow,UK Christina LiossiBA(Hons)MPhilMScDPsychCPsychol Lindy JRoberts MBBS(Hons)BMedSci(Hons)FANZCAFFPMANZCA Senior Lecturerin Health Psychology Staff SpecialistandDirector AcutePainService School ofPsychology, University ofSouthampton Departments ofAnaesthesia andPainManagement, Southampton, UK;and Sir CharlesGairdner Hospital,Nedlands, Australia HonoraryConsultant Clinical Psychologist Great Ormond Street Hospitalfor ChildrenNHSTrust David JRowbotham MBChBMDMRCPFRCA London,UK Professor ofAnaesthesia andPain Management University ofLeicester, Leicester, UK PamelaEMacintyre BMedScMBBSFANZCAMHAFFPMANZCA Director, AcutePainService,Consultant Anesthetist Department ofAnaesthesia, HyperbaricMedicine andPain Kim ERussonMBchBFRCA ConsultantAnaesthetist Medicine Rotherham General Hospital,Rotherham, UK Royal Adelaide HospitalandUniversity ofAdelaide Adelaide,Australia StephanASchug MDFANZCAFFPMANZCA William AMacrae MBChBFRCA ChairofAnaesthesiology Consultantin PainMedicine, HonorarySenior Lecturer School ofMedicine andPharmacology Ninewells Hospital andMedicalSchool Faculty ofMedicine Dentistry andHealth Sciences Dundee, UK University ofWestern Australia;and WendyM McDonald RNBNGradDip(CritCare) Director ofPainMedicine AcutePainNurse Department ofAnaesthesia andPainMedicine Department ofAnaesthesia, StVincent’sHospital Royal Perth Hospital Melbourne, Australia Perth, Australia Contributors]ix David AScott MBBSPhDFANZCAFFPMANZCA Evangelos Tziavrangos BMBSFANZCAFFPMANZCA Associate Professor andDeputyDirector Staff Specialist Department ofAnaesthesia, StVincent’sHospital Department ofAnaesthesia andPainMedicine Melbourne, Australia Royal Perth Hospital Perth, Australia Michael GSerpellMBChBFRCA Fellowofthe FacultyofPainMedicine ofthe Royal College ofAnaesthetists RichardUpton BScPhD PrincipalMedical Scientist,Senior Lecturer ConsultantandSenior Lecturer Royal Adelaide HospitalandUniversity ofAdelaide University Department ofAnaesthesia, Western Infirmary Adelaide,Australia Glasgow,UK Alcira Serrano-Gomez FRCA Eric J VisserMBBSFANZCAFFPMANZCA HonoraryLecturer in Anaesthesia PainMedicine SpecialistandAnaesthetist University ofLeicester, Leicester, UK Department ofAnaesthesia andPainMedicine Royal Perth Hospital RScott SimpsonMBBSDA(UK)FANZCAFFPMANZCAFJFICM Western, Australia Staff Specialist Intensive Care Unit,The TownsvilleHospital North Queensland, Australia Suellen M Walker MBBSMM(PM)MScPhDFANZCAFFPMANZCA Clinical SeniorLecturer andConsultant inPaediatric Anaesthesia KarenH Simpson MBCHBFRCA andPainMedicine Consultantin Anaesthesia andPainMedicine UCL Institute ofChild HealthandGreat Ormond StHospital PainManagement Service NHS Trust Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust; and London,UK Leeds PalliumResearch Group Leeds, UK Phil Wiffen MScMRPhamS Matthew HJSize MBChBBMedSciFRCA Co-ordinating Editor SpR in Anaesthesia Cochrane Pain andPalliative Care Group University College Hospital NHSTrust PainRelief Unit,Churchill Hospital,Oxford, UK London,UK Louise Tulloh MBBSFACSP IainH Wilson MBChBFRCA Sports Physician Consultantin Anaesthesia North SydneyOrthopaedic andSportsMedicine Centre Royal Devon andExeterNHS Foundation Trust Sydney, Australia Exeter, UK
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