Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children PDF
Preview Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children
Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children EDITED BY PETER G. KOPELMAN MD, FRCP, FFPH Principal St George’s, University of London London, UK IAN D. CATERSON AM, MBBS, BSc(med), PhD, FRACP Boden Professor of Human Nutrition Institute of Obesity Nutrition & Exercise (IONE) University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia WILLIAM H. DIETZ MD, PhD Director Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia, USA THIRD EDITION A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2010, © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Limited Previous editions: 1998, 2005 Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered offi ce: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offi ces: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/ wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientifi c research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specifi c method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher, editors and chapter authors make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fi tness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifi cations, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the authors, editors or the publisher endorse the information the organization or website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the editors or authors shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Clinical obesity in adults and children / edited by Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, William H. Dietz. – 3rd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-8226-3 1. Obesity. I. Kopelman, Peter G. II. Caterson, Ian D. III. Dietz, William H. [DNLM: 1. Obesity. 2. Adult. 3. Child. WD 210 C64153 2010] RC628.C56 2010 616.3′98–dc22 2009004445 ISBN: 978-1-4051-8226-3 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 9.25/12pt Minion by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Singapore 1 2010 Contents List of Contributors, v 11 Eating Behavior, 134 John E. Blundell, Graham Finlayson and Jason C.G. Halford Preface, viii 12 Energy Expenditure in Humans: The Infl uence of Activity, List of Abbreviations, ix Diet and the Sympathetic Nervous System, 151 Jose Lara, Moira A. Taylor and Ian A. Macdonald Part 1 Obesity, 1 Part 3 Obesity and Disease, 165 1 Epidemiology: Defi nition and Classifi cation of Obesity, 3 Tommy L.S. Visscher, Marieke B. Snijder and Jacob C. Seidell 13 Obesity and Dyslipidemia: Importance of Body Fat 2 Measuring Body Composition in Adults and Children, 15 Distribution, 167 K. Ashlee McGuire and Robert Ross André Tchernof and Jean-Pierre Després 3 Stigma and Social Consequences of Obesity, 25 14 Obesity Insulin Resistance and Gut Hormones, 187 Rebecca M. Puhl, Chelsea A. Heuer and Kelly D. Brownell Joseph Proietto 4 Obesity and Culture, 41 15 Obesity as an Endocrine Disease, 200 Pippa Craig Yuji Matsuzawa 5 Obesity and Gender, 58 16 Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Berit L. Heitmann Steatohepatitis, 208 Ioannis Kyrou, John Willy Haukeland, Neeraj Bhala and Sudhesh Kumar Part 2 Biology of Obesity, 65 17 Cardiovascular Consequences of Obesity, 228 Ian Wilcox 6 Energy Balance and Body Weight Homeostasis, 67 Abdul G. Dulloo 18 Adult Obesity: Fertility, 240 Renato Pasquali, Alessandra Gambineri, Valentina Vicennati 7 Genes and Obesity, 82 and Uberto Pagotto I. Sadaf Farooqi 19 Obstructive Sleep Apnea, 246 8 Fetal and Infant Origins of Obesity, 92 Brendon J. Yee and Ronald R. Grunstein Matthew W. Gillman 9 Adipocyte Biology, 103 Paul Trayhurn Part 4 Management of Adult Obesity, 265 10 Metabolic Fuels and Obesity, 115 20 An Overview of Obesity Management, 267 Simon W. Coppack Peter G. Kopelman and Ian D. Caterson iii Contents 21 Dietary Management of Obesity: Eating Plans, 275 29 Childhood Obesity: Consequences and Complications, 392 Janet Franklin Kate Steinbeck 22 Behavioral Treatment of Obesity, 301 30 The Treatment of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity, 408 Vicki L. Clark, Divya Pamnani and Thomas A. Wadden William H. Dietz 23 Exercise, Physical Activity and Obesity, 313 Marleen A. van Baak Part 6 Environmental Policy Approaches, 423 24 Drugs Used Clinically to Reduce Body Weight, 327 George A. Bray 31 Obesity: Global Pandemic, 425 Shiriki K. Kumanyika, Neville Rigby, Tim Lobstein, 25 The Management of Obesity: Surgery, 339 Rachel Jackson Leach and W. Philip T. James Paul E. O’Brien and John B. Dixon 32 Obesity and the Environment, 440 26 Weight Loss Maintenance and Weight Cycling, 351 Andy Jones and Graham Bentham Kristina Elfhag and Stephan Rössner 33 Obesity: Using the Ecologic Public Health Approach to 27 Education and Training of Healthcare Professionals, 366 Overcome Policy Cacophony, 452 Peter G. Kopelman Geof Rayner and Tim Lang 34 A Comprehensive Approach to Obesity Prevention, 471 Part 5 Childhood Obesity, 373 Boyd Swinburn and A. Colin Bell 28 Childhood Obesity: Defi nition, Classifi cation and Assessment, 375 Index, 487 Aviva Must and Sarah E. Anderson iv List of Contributors Sarah E. Anderson PhD Kelly D. Brownell PhD Abdul G. Dulloo Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity Lecturer, Department of Medicine & Physiology The Ohio State University Yale University Institute of Physiology College of Public Health New Haven, CT, USA University of Fribourg Columbus, OH, USA Switzerland Vicki L. Clark A. Colin Bell MD Department of Psychiatry Kristina Elfhag PhD Conjoint Associate Professor University of Pennsylvania Lic. Psychologist School of Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine Obesity Unit University of Newcastle, NSW Philadelphia, PA, USA Karolinska University Hospital Program Director, Good for Kids, Good for Life Stockholm, Sweden Hunter New England Health Simon W. Coppack MD Wallsend, Australia Reader in Metabolic Medicine I. Sadaf Farooqi PhD, FRCP Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Fellow Graham Bentham MA Bart ’ s and The London School of Medicine and Institute of Metabolic Science Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) Dentistry Addenbrooke ’ s Hospital School of Environmental Sciences London, UK Cambridge, UK University of East Anglia Norwich, UK Pippa Craig BSc, Dipl NutrDiet, MHPEd, PhD Graham Finlayson PhD Visiting Fellow, Muru Marri Indigenous Health Biopsychology Group Neeraj Bhala MBChB MRCP (UK) Unit University of Leeds, UK Clinical Sciences Research Institute School of Public Health and Community Medicine Warwick Medical School University of New South Wales Janet Franklin PhD University of Warwick, Coventry Sydney, NSW, Australia Senior Dietitian, Metabolism & Obesity Services Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Studies Unit (CTSU) Jean -P ierre Despr é s PhD, FAHA Sydney, NSW, Australia Nuffi eld Department of Clinical Medicine Professor and Director of Research, Cardiology University of Oxford Oxford, UK Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Alessandra Gambineri MD Universit é Laval Endocrinology Unit Quebec, Canada Department of Internal Medicine John E. Blundell PhD S. Orsola - Malpighi Hospital Chair of Psychobiology John B. Dixon MBBS, PhD, FRACGP University Alma Mater Studiorum of Bologna, Italy Institute of Psychological Sciences Head, Obesity Research Unit Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Leeds School of Primary Health Care Matthew W. Gillman MD, SM Monash University Leeds, UK Director, Obesity Prevention Program Melbourne, Victoria Professor, Department of Population Medicine Australia Harvard Medical School/Harvard George A. Bray MD Pilgrim Health Care Boyd Professor, Pennington Biomedical Research Boston, MA, USA Center Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA, USA v List of Contributors Ronald R. Grunstein MBBS, FRACP, PhD, Shiriki K. Kumanyika PhD, MPH Aviva Must MD Professor of Epidemiology Professor, Department of Public Health and Family Professor of Sleep Medicine and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Medicine Head, Sleep Research Group University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Philadelphia, PA, USA Boston, MA, USA University of Sydney: Senior Staff Physician Centre for Respiratory Failure and Sleep Disorders Sudhesh Kumar MD FRCP FRCPath Paul E. O’Brien MD FRACS Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Professor of Medicine, WISDEM Director, Centre for Obesity Research and Sydney, NSW, Australia University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire Education Clinical Sciences Research Institute Monash University Jason C.G. Halford PhD, CPsychol (Health) Warwick Medical School Melbourne Reader in Appetite and Obesity University of Warwick Victoria, Australia Director, Kissileff Human Ingestive Behaviour Coventry, UK Laboratory Uberto Pagotto MD, PhD School of Psychology Ioannis Kyrou MD Assistant Professor, Division of Endocrinology University of Liverpool WISDEM, University Hospital Coventry and Department of Clinical Medicine Liverpool, UK Warwickshire S. Orsola - Malpighi Hospital Clinical Sciences Research Institute University Alma Mater Studiorum of Bologna, Italy John Willy Haukeland MD, PhD Warwick Medical School Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism University of Warwick Divya Pamnani Clinical Sciences Research Institute Coventry, UK Department of Psychiatry Warwick Medical School Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Unit University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine University of Warwick Evgenidion Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA Coventry, UK; Athens University Medical School Faculty Division Athens, Greece Renato Pasquali MD Aker University Hospital Full Professor of Endocrinology U niversity of Oslo Tim Lang PhD, FFPH Director, Division of Endocrinology Oslo, Norway Professor of Food Policy S. Orsola - Malpighi Hospital City University University Alma Mater Studiorum Berit L. Heitmann PhD Centre for Food Policy University of Bologna, Italy Professor, Research Unit for Dietary Studies London, UK Institute of Preventive Medicine Joseph Proietto MBBS, FRACP, PhD Centre for Health and Society Jose Lara MSc, PhD Professor of Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital Research Fellow University of Melbourne Denmark University of Nottingham Department of Medicine (AH/NH) School of Biomedical Sciences, UK Repatriation Hospital Chelsea A. Heuer MPH Heidelberg, Victoria Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity Tim Lobstein Australia Yale University Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics New Haven, CT, USA University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Rebecca M. Puhl PhD Philadelphia, PA, USA Director of Research and Weight Stigma Initiatives Rachel Jackson Leach Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Ian A. Macdonald PhD Yale University University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Professor of Metabolic Physiology New Haven, CT, USA Philadelphia, PA, USA University of Nottingham, UK Geof Rayner PhD W. Philip T. James Yuji Matsuzawa MD, PhD Professor Associate in Public Health Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Director, Sumitomo Hospital Brunel University University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Professor Emeritus, Osaka University Visiting Research Fellow Philadelphia, PA, USA Osaka, Japan Centre for Food Policy City University Andy Jones PhD K. Ashlee McGuire MSc London, UK Reader, The Centre for Diet and Activity Research School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (CEDAR) Queens University Neville Rigby School of Environmental Sciences K ingston, Ontario, Canada Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of East Anglia University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Norwich, Norfolk, UK Philadelphia, PA, USA vi List of Contributors Robert Ross PhD Boyd Swinburn MB ChB, MD, FRACP Tommy L.S. Visscher PhD Professor, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies Professor of Population Health Research Centre for Overweight Prevention Department of Medicine School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences VU University/Windesheim Applied University Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Deakin University Zwolle, The Netherlands Queen ’ s University Melbourne, Australia Taskforce Prevention & Public Health Kingston, Ontario, Canada European Association for the Study of Obesity Moira A. Taylor PhD London, UK Stephan R ö ssner Lecturer in Nutrition and Dietetics Professor of Health Behaviour Research, Obesity University of Nottingham, UK Thomas A. Wadden PhD Unit Director, Center for Weight and Eating Disorders Karolinska University Hospital Andr é Tchernof PhD Professor, Department of Psychiatry Huddinge, Stockholm University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Professor, Laval University and Sweden Philadelphia, PA, USA Laval University Medical Center Quebec, Canada Jacob C. Seidell MD, PhD Ian Wilcox MB BS BMedSci PhD FRACP FCCP Professor of Nutrition and Health Paul Trayhurn DSc FRSE FCSANZ Director, Institute of Health Sciences Professor of Nutritional Biology Clinical Associate Professor EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research University of Liverpool, UK Sydney Medical School VU University and VU University Medical Center Sydney University Amsterdam, The Netherlands NSW, Australia Marleen A. van Baak PhD Department of Cardiology Professor, Nutrition & Toxicology Research Institute Marieke B. Snijder PhD Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands Institute of Health Sciences Sydney, NSW, Australia VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands Valentina Vicennati MD Brendon J. Yee MBChB, FRACP, PhD Specialist in Endocrinology Staff Physician, Centre for Respiratory Failure and Division of Endocrinology Kate Steinbeck Sleep Disorders Department of Clinical Medicine Conjoint Professor, University of Sydney Royal Prince Alfred Hospital S. Orsola - Malpighi Hospital and Endocrinology & Adolescent Medicine Senior Research Fellow University Alma Mater Studiorum of Bologna, Italy Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Sydney, NSW, Australia C linical Associate Professor Department of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia vii Preface O verweight and obesity are diseases of modern society – indeed, and energy balance. The following section describes the disease the associated morbidities could be considered the doctor’ s consequences of obesity that unfortunately may be overlooked by dilemma for the 21st century. Since the fi rst edition of Clinical many busy clinicians. The chapters on the management of over- Obesity in 1998, the prevalence of overweight and obese young weight and obesity include the latest approaches to treatment people has continued to rise dramatically worldwide; the recent and, importantly, maintenance of weight loss. The potential for Foresight report in England predicts that approximately 70% of pharmacotherapy is examined and the success of bariatric surgery girls and 55% of boys will be overweight or obese by 2050 unless for selected obese patients detailed. The fi nal section fl ags the effective action is taken. importance of modern society both in contributing to and in Clinical Obesity was conceived to address the need for a text- preventing obesity – the chapters highlight the importance of book that emphasized obesity as a disease entity by reviewing the health and social policies that focus primarily on factors contrib- more clinical and practical aspects of the condition as well as its uting to our sedentary existence and unhealthy eating. scientifi c basis. The third edition follows the original objectives and expands them to include the impact on children and young W e are indebted to Mike Stock who was the inspiration for the people and the societal and environmental infl uences that are fi rst edition. We suspect that Mike, if he had lived, would have “ fueling ” the epidemic. There is also a greater focus on the pre- been intrigued by the many advances in our scientifi c knowledge vention agenda. The book is aimed at a wide readership that but shocked by the spiraling frequency of health and social prob- includes clinicians, postgraduate and undergraduate medical stu- lems as a consequence of obesity. We dedicate the third edition dents, and students of disciplines allied to medicine. This edition of Clinical Obesity to his memory. should also prove valuable to social scientists who are interested in factors, other than scientifi c, that are contributing to over- P. G. Kopelman, I. D. Caterson & W. H. Dietz weight and obesity across the globe. London, Sydney and Atlanta The fi rst two sections of the book include chapters on epide- miology, social consequences, biologic and genetic mechanisms viii
Description:The list of books you might like
