Clinical Nutrition of the Essential Trace Elements and Minerals: The Guide for Health Professionals

392 Pages·2000·11 MB·English

by  John D. Bogden PhD (auth.), John D. Bogden PhD, Leslie M. Klevay MD, SD in Hyg (eds.)

CLINICAL NUTRITION OF THE EsSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS AND MINERALS
NUTRITION 0 AND 0 HEALTH
Adrianne Bendich, Series Editor
Clinical Nutrition oft he Essential Trace Elements and Minerals:
The Guide for Health Professionals
edited by John D. Bogden and Leslie M. Klevay
The Management ofE ating Disorders and Obesity,
edited by David J. Goldstein
Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Applications,
edited by Michael F. Holick
Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals,
edited by Adrianne Bendich and Richard J. Deckelbaum
CLINICAL NUTRITION
OF THE ESSENTIAL TRACE
ELEMENTS AND MINERALS
THE GUIDE FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
Edited by
JOHN D. BOGDEN, PHD
Department ofP reventive Medicine and Community
Health, University ofM edicine and Dentistry
ofN ew Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
and
LEsLIE M. KLEVAY, MD, SD IN HYG
United States Department ofA griculture, Agricultural
Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research
Center, Grand Forks, ND
Foreword by
IRWIN ROSENBERG, MD
SPRINGER
SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
© 2000 Springer Seience+Business Media New York
Originally published by Hunana Press Ine. in 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clinical nutrition of the essential trace elements and rninerals: the guide for health
professionals 1 edited by John D. Bogden and Leslie M. Klevay
p.; cm. -- (Nutrition and health)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61737-090-8 ISBN 978-1-59259-040-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-040-7
1. Trace elements in nutrition. 2. Trace element deficiency diseases. 3. Minerals in
nutrition. 1. Bogden, John D. II. Klevay, Leslie M. III. Nutrition and health (Totowa,
N.J.) .
[DNLM: 1. Trace Elements. 2. Minerals. 3. Nutrition. QU 130.5 C641 2000]
QP534.C585 2000
612.3 '924--dc21
00-04979
DNLM/DLC
CIP
for Library of Congress
DEDICATION
J.D.B. dedicates this book to Doreen L. Bogden, Jennifer, and Kim for
their encouragement and understanding, and to Donald B. Louria
for his considerable advice and support.
L.M.K. dedicates this volume to Martha N. Klevay, Ann, Micheal, and
Andrew for their support, and to Alfred E. Harper,Walter Mertz,
and Henry A. Schroeder for their inspiration.
v
SERIES INTRODUCTION
The Nutrition and Health series of books have, as an overriding mission, to provide
health professionals with texts that are considered essential because each includes
1) a synthesis of the state of the science, 2) timely, in-depth reviews by the leading
researchers in their respective fields, 3) extensive, up-to-date fully annotated reference
lists, 4) a detailed index, 5) relevant tables and figures, 6) identification of paradigm
shifts and the consequences, 7) virtually no overlap of information between chapters, but
targeted, inter-chapter referrals, 8) suggestions of areas for future research, and 9) bal-
anced, data-driven answers to patient questions which are based upon the totality of
evidence rather than the findings of any single study.
The series volumes are not the outcome of a symposium. Rather, each editor has the
potential to examine a chosen area with a broad perspective, both in subject matter as well
as in the choice of chapter authors. The international perspective, especially with regard
to public health initiatives, is emphasized where appropriate. The editors, whose trainings
are both research and practice oriented, have the opportunity to develop a primary objec-
tive for their book; define the scope and focus, and then invite the leading authorities from
around the world to be part of their initiative. The authors are encouraged to provide an
overview of the field, discuss their own research and relate the research findings to
potential human health consequences. Because each book is developed de novo, the
chapters can be coordinated so that the resulting volume imparts greater knowledge than
the sum of the information contained in the individual chapters.
Clinical Nutrition of the Essential Trace Elements and Minerals, edited by John D.
Bogden and Leslie M. Klevay, exemplifies the mission ofthe Nutrition and Health series.
Drs. Bogden and Klevay provide the reader with a unique perspecti ve and focused view
of the importance ofthe essentiality of trace elements and minerals for optimal health as
well as their requirements and functions in specific disease conditions. By including an
extensive review ofthe basic concepts ofm ineral metabolism, consumption patterns over
the history of Man, assessment tools, and safety issues, this text gains in importance as
a valuable resource for students as well as those who are practicing health professionals.
The text also includes critically important chapters that discuss the requirements ofthese
essential nutrients during adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation, and in the elderly. Medi-
cally related professionals will certainly find the chapters related to the genetic diseases
that affect mineral metabolism of particular importance to their practice. Additional
chapters provide in-depth reviews of the functions of minerals and their roles in the
endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immune, skeletal, and ocular systems of the
body. This volume is of particular importance because it includes understandable chap-
ters in highly technical areas written by the leading authorities of their fields of research.
Thus, Clinical Nutrition of the Essential Trace Elements and Minerals represents a
comprehensive, up-to-date resource for undergraduate, graduate, and medical students,
nutrition and public health educators, practicing physicians, and other health care provid-
ers as well as clinical and laboratory researchers.
Adrianne Bendich, PhD
SmithKline Beecham Consumer Health Care
Parsippany. NJ
vii
FOREWORD
As we cross from one century into another, a comprehensive and authoritative presen-
tation of knowledge and science of the biology of trace elements and minerals not only
fills a great need, but also represents growing recognition of the importance of nutrition
science for its impact on health and policy. The first half of the last century was an era
of discovery in nutrition with all of the vitamins discovered, culminating in the descrip-
tion of the structure of vitamin Bl2 in 1947. No less important was the elucidation of the
biological and nutritional essentiality of many minerals leading to an appropriate place
in our list of recommended nutrients for health. But it was in the second half of the 20th
century that the definitions ofe ssential nutrients and essential minerals underwent a most
important change and even a paradigm shift as knowldge increased of the relationship
between mineral nutrition and chronic degenerative disease. The history of mineral
biology in the past three decades includes the important discoveries which have led to a
virtual explosion in knowledge and understanding of the importance of these nutrients in
health and disease as is so well documented in the second half of this timely text. The
discovery of binding proteins which were regulatory in the metabolism of minerals, of
cellular receptors, and of nuclear receptors, binding sites regulating the expression of
macromolecules critical to human biology exerted by trace minerals, and the remarkable
improvements in instrumentation and chemical measuring precision have put mineral
nutrition research at the forefront of the nutritionallbiological revolution. Now the prom-
ise of plant biotechnology adds further elements to the projection of beneficial changes
in our food supply.
These enhancements in knowledge have permitted a much more science-based
approach to some of the most important health problems in the world, including a better
understanding of iron absorption and metabolism leading to better ways of preventing
the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, iron deficiency. A better under-
standing of the role of zinc in growth and development and enzyme function and
metabolism has permitted that mineral to take its place among those that are targeted
for important interventions in worldwide problems of child undernutrition. A better
understanding ofthe many functions ofc opper in biology and metabolism have permitted
that nutrient to be added to the essential nutrients as a factor in our understanding of heart
disease and diet-heart interactions.
Clinical Nutrition oft he Essential Trace Elements and Minerals sets a high standard
for presentation of the scientific bases for the importance of minerals in human biology
and health and will thereby contribute in a major way to the appropriate application of
science for improved public health and preventive nutrition. No less important will be its
contribution to establishing the foundation for moving the science in this important field
even further.
Irwin Rosenberg, MD
United States Department
ofA griculture, Human Nutrition
Research Center on Aging,
Tufts University, Boston, MA
ix
PREFACE
There is widespread interest in nutrition among health professionals and the general
public. Newspapers, general circulation magazines, television, and the internet are a
daily source of nutrition information, but much of it is inaccurate and misleading. The
public is frequently confused about specific nutrition issues, and many people turn to
their health care providers as a source for accurate and up-to-date advice. However,
physicians, nurses, registered dietitians, and other health care providers need sources of
accurate, clinically relevant, and current information in order to provide sound guidance
to their patients.
Perhaps the greatest need is for a comprehensive book on trace element and mineral
nutrition. Recent confusion among both health care providers and the general public
about the use of zinc lozenges to treat the common cold and chromium supplements to
enhance muscle mass are two examples of the need for reliable information. The target
audience for Clincial Nutrition oft he Essential Trace Elements and Minerals is the health
professional: physicians, registered dietitians, nurses, nutrition researchers, and college
and university faculty who teach nutrition and/or medicine. However, it is also intended
as a text for students in the health sciences. Clinical Nutrition of the Essential Trace
Elements and Minerals has been written to provide up-to-date information, and should
be useful as both a text and a reference for those in the field of nutrition.
Other books on this topic take an approach that disperses information about specific
clinical topics throughout the text by element. In contrast, Clinical Nutrition of the
Essential Trace Elements and Minerals employs a more practical and useful approach-
discussing, within a chapter, all of the essential elements relevant to a specific condition
or group of diseases.
Each chapter focuses on the clinical importance of the nine trace elements currently
considered to be essential: chromium, copper, fluoride, iron, iodine, molybdenum, man-
ganese, selenium, and zinc. The chapters also include discussion of the three major
essential dietary minerals: calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, where appropriate.
Discussion of other trace elements and minerals is provided where relevant to a specific
disease or condition. Each chapter is a review of current knowledge with an emphasis on
human studies and clinical nutrition. Where useful, the authors include examples from
their own research to explain key ideas and concepts. Tables and figures are used liberally
to enhance learning by practitioners and students. The authors contributing to this volume
are recognized as experts in their field as well as experienced teachers.
Clinical Nutrition oft he Essential Trace Elements and Minerals consists of 21 chap-
ters divided into four major sections. The first section contains seven chapters and dis-
cusses basic concepts, consumption, laboratory assessment, supplement safety, and
deficiencies of the essential micronutrients and minerals. Unique features of this section
are the inclusion of chapters on both prehistoric and current consumption of trace ele-
ments and minerals in food and the epidemiology of trace element and mineral deficien-
cies. The second section contains four chapters on trace element and mineral nutrition in
healthy people, with chapters on pregnancy, lactation, adolescents, and older people. The
third and largest section with ten chapters discusses trace element and mineral nutrition
in various diseases, including: genetic, endocrine, skeletal, cardiovascular, kidney, gas-
xi
xii Preface
trointestinal, infectious, surgical, and opthalmologic disorders. The final section contains
an index and guide to the relevant literature.
As editors, we are very excited about each of the chapters and the breadth of the
content of this book. We believe that this text can improve the teaching of trace element
and mineral nutrition to students and health professionals and enhance their ability to
provide sound dietary and medical advice to their clients and patients.
John D. Bogden
Leslie M. Klevay
CONTENTS
Dedication ...................................................................................................................... v
Series Introduction ....................................................................................................... vii
Foreword ....................................................................................................................... ix
Preface ............................................................................................................ ............... xi
Contributors .................................................................................................................. xv
PART I BASIC CONCEPTS, CONSUMPTION, DEFICIENCY, AND TOXICITY
1 The Essential Trace Elements and Minerals: Basic Concepts ......... 3
John D. Bogden
2 Possibly Essential Trace Elements ................................................. 11
Forrest H. Nielsen
3 Consumption of Trace Elements and Minerals
by Preagricultural Humans ......................................................... 37
Stanley B. Eaton III and S. Boyd Eaton
4 Current Dietary Intakes of Trace Elements and Minerals .............. 49
Jean A. T. Pennington
5 Laboratory Assessment of Trace Element and Mineral Status ...... 69
David B. Milne
6 The Epidemiology of Trace Element Deficiencies ........................ 91
Roberto Masironi
7 Trace Element and Supplement Safety .......................................... 99
John N. Hathcock
PART II TRACE ELEMENT AND MINERAL NUTRITION IN HEALTHY PEOPLE
8 Trace Element and Mineral Nutrition in
Human Pregnancy ..................................................................... 115
Theresa O. Scholl and Thomas M. Reilly
9 Trace Element and Mineral Nutrition During Lactation ............. 139
Mary Frances Picciano
10 Trace Element and Mineral Nutrition in Adolescents ................. 153
Velimir Matkovic, Nancy E. Badenhop, and Jasminka Z. Ilich
11 Trace Element Requirements in the Elderly ................................ 183
Ronni Chernoff
PART III TRACE ELEMENT AND MINERAL NUTRITION IN DISEASE
12 Genetic Disorders of Trace Element Metabolism ........................ 201
Gregory J. Anderson and Gordon D. McLaren
xiii