Clinical Nephrogeriatrics: An Evidence-Based Guide

269 Pages·2019·3.444 MB·English

by  Carlos Guido Musso, José Ricardo Jauregui, Juan Florencio Macías-Núñez, Adrian Covic

Clinical
Nephrogeriatrics
An Evidence-Based Guide
Carlos Guido Musso
José Ricardo Jauregui
Juan Florencio Macías-Núñez
Adrian Covic
Editors
123
Clinical Nephrogeriatrics
Carlos Guido Musso • José Ricardo Jauregui
Juan Florencio Macías-Núñez • Adrian Covic
Editors
Clinical Nephrogeriatrics
An Evidence-Based Guide
Editors
Carlos Guido Musso José Ricardo Jauregui
Nephrology Division Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires Argentina
Argentina
Adrian Covic
Juan Florencio Macías-Núñez University of Medicine “Grigore T. Popa”
Departamento de Medicina and University Hospital “C. I. Parhon”
Salamanca Iasi
Spain Romania
ISBN 978-3-030-18710-1 ISBN 978-3-030-18711-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18711-8
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
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“To Professors Dr. Stewart Cameron,
Dr. Dimitios G. Oreopoulos, Dr. Isidoro Fainstein,
Dr. David Galinsky. Dr. Roberto Kaplan,
and Dr. Hugo A. Schifis”
Foreword
The population of the world is growing older at an unprecedented rate. In 2015,
about 620 million persons were over age 65 years, and this number is expected
to grow to 1.6 billion by 2050. Wide disparities exist among the regions of the
world concerning the fraction of elders in the population. For example, in Europe
in 2018, about 1 of every 6 individuals was over 65 years of age, whereas the
comparable statistic for Africa is 1 out of every 33 individuals. The frequency of
the “oldest old” (over 80 years of age) is expected to increase globally from 125
million currently to about 450 million by 2050. Global life expectancy (at birth)
is now 69 years and is projected to grow to 76 years by 2050. The origin of this
changing population dynamics is complex but entails lower birth rates, control of
communicable diseases affecting the young, and more effective control of
noncommunicable disease afflicting the older adults, most dramatically
cardiovascular disease. These sobering statistics make geriatric and gerontology
disciplines of great and growing interest broadly and specifically for nephrology.
Kidney diseases, both acute and chronic, are quite common in the older and elder
adult and therefore are expected to increase as the world ages. Thus, a
comprehensive monograph on clinical nephrogeriatrics is both needed and
timely. Dr. Musso and his editorial colleagues have assembled a distinguished
group of international authors to bring forth a detailed examination of the
physiology, anatomy, pathology, and clinical expression of diseases of the kidney
in aging. The topics covered are broad in scope and practical in orientation, so as
to make the volume of high value to practitioners dealing with older patients with
kidney diseases, including those that eventuate in the need for renal replacement
therapy. Disorders of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base, blood pressure regulation,
infection, nutrition, and urolithiasis in older subjects receive appropriate
attention. The important topic of medication prescribing in the elderly patients is
given a thorough review. Finally, palliative and conservative care for those
unfortunate elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease and limited life
expectancy is covered in a compassionate way.
All in all, this monograph fills an important gap in the literature of nephrology. I
predict that it will be widely read. As this tome addresses an ever-changing topic of
high and growing interest, I expect that it will undergo an evolution through multiple
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viii Foreword
editions, especially as our knowledge of the fundamental biology of the aging
kidney expands in future years. Congratulations to the editors and authors for such
a successful start to a long-term enterprise.
Richard J. Glassock, MD, MACP
Department of Medicine
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles, CA
USA
Contents
1 Structural and Functional Renal Changes Secondary to Aging . . . . . . 1
Nada Dimkovic
2 Renal Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly:
Which Are the Differences? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Carlos Guido Musso and Juan Florencio Macías-Núñez
3 Frailty in Chronic Kidney Disease Elderly Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Angela Benjumea and José Ricardo Jauregui
4 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . 43
Carlos Guido Musso and Manuel F. Vilas
5 Hypertension in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Ahmed H. Abdelhafiz, Rachel Marshall, Joseph Kavanagh,
and Meguid El Nahas
6 Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Chrysoula Pipili and Eirini Grapsa
7 Glomerulopathies in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Arunraj Navaratnarajah and Michelle Willicombe
8 Acute Kidney Injury in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Myrto Giannopoulou, Stefanos Roumeliotis,
Theodoros Eleftheriadis, and Vassilios Liakopoulos
9 Nephroprevention in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Maria Mercedes Capotondo and Carlos Guido Musso
10 Hemodialysis in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Luminita Voroneanu and Adrian Covic
11 Frailty Among Elderly Patients on Chronic Maintenance
Hemodialysis for ESRD: Not Simply a Matter of Chronological Age . . . 163
Macaulay Amechi Chukwukadibia Onuigbo and Nneoma Agbasi
12 Peritoneal Dialysis in the Elderly Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Clare B. Jones and Joanne M. Bargman
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x Contents
13 Kidney Transplant in Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Lucas Petraglia and Kristian Heldal
14 Nephrolithiasis in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Neera K. Dahl and David S. Goldfarb
15 Nutrition in the Elderly with Renal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Vincenzo Bellizzi, Filippo Aucella, Patrizia Calella,
Philippe Chauveau, Lina Johansson, and Daniel Teta
16 Pharmacogeriatrics and the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Paula Scibona and Waldo H. Belloso
17 Conservative and Palliative Care in Old Age Individuals
with End-Stage Renal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Luis Miguel Gutiérrez Robledo and Ricardo Correa-Rotter
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Contributors
Ahmed H. Abdelhafiz, MBChB, MSc, MD, FRCP (UK) Department of Geriatric
Medicine, Rotherham General Hospital, Rotherham, UK
Department of Elderly Medicine, Rotherham General Hospital, Rotherham, UK
Nneoma Agbasi, RMN, MSc, PGDip NELFT Quality Improvement Programme,
NELFT NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon, Essex, UK
Filippo Aucella, MD Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Scientific Institute
for Research and Health Care “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” IRCCS, San
Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
Joanne M. Bargman, MD, FRCPC University Health Network and University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Vincenzo Bellizzi, MD, PhD Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation,
Nephrology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”,
Salerno, Italy
European Renal Nutrition (ERN) Working Group at the European Renal Association –
European Dialysis Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA), London, UK
Waldo H. Belloso, MD Clinical Pharmacology Section, Internal Medicine Service,
Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Angela Benjumea, MD Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Universidad de Caldas,
Manizales, Colombia
Patrizia Calella, RD, PhD Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing,
Parthenope University, Naples, Italy
Maria Mercedes Capotondo, MD Nephrology Division, Hospital Italiano de
Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Philippe Chauveau, MD European Renal Nutrition (ERN) Working Group at the
European Renal Association – European Dialysis Transplant Association (ERA-
EDTA), London, UK
Aurad Aquitaine et Service de Néphrologie CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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