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Clinical Manual of Anxiety Disorders PDF

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Clinical Manual of Anxiety Disorders This page intentionally left blank Clinical Manual of Anxiety Disorders Edited by Dan J. Stein, M.D., Ph.D. Washington, DC London, England Note: The authors have worked to ensure that all information in this book is accurate at the time of publication and consistent with general psychiatric and medical standards, and that information concerning drug dosages, schedules, and routes of administration is accurate at the time of publication and consistent with standards set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the general medical community. As medical research and practice continue to advance, however, therapeutic standards may change. Moreover, specific situations may require a specific therapeutic response not included in this book. For these reasons and because human and mechanical errors sometimes occur, we recommend that readers follow the advice of physicians directly involved in their care or the care of a member of their family. Books published by American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., represent the views and opinions of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the policies and opinions of APPI or the American Psychiatric Association. Copyright © 2004 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Diagnostic criteria included in this book are reprinted, with permission, from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. Copyright © 2000, American Psychiatric Association. Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper 07 06 05 04 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition Typeset in Adobe’s Garamond and Formata American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 1000 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22209-3901 www.appi.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Clinical manual of anxiety disorders / edited by Dan J. Stein.—1st ed. p. ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58562-076-9 (alk. paper) 1. Anxiety—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Anxiety—Treatment—Handbooks, manuals, etc. [DNLM: 1. Anxiety Disorders—diagnosis. 2. Anxiety disorders—therapy. WM 172 C64183 2004] I. Stein, Dan J. RC531.C585 2004 616.85´22—dc22 2003058259 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Contents Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Dan J. Stein, M.D., Ph.D. Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 2 Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia. . . . . . . . . . . .13 Gustavo Kinrys, M.D. Mark H. Pollack, M.D. Phenomenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Associated Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Differential Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Assessment Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Neurochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Neuroanatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Antidepressants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Benzodiazepines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Anticonvulsants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Other Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Maintenance Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Treatment-Refractory Panic Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Psychotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Combined Treatments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Psychodynamic Psychotherapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 3 Specific Phobia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Bavanisha Vythilingum, M.B. Dan J. Stein, M.D., Ph.D. Phenomenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Associated Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Basic Physiology and Anatomy of Fear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Application to Specific Phobia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Etiological Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 The Role of Disgust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Psychotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Behavioral Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Cognitive Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Efficacy of Behavioral and Cognitive Treatments. . . . . . . . . . . .56 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 4 Social Phobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Franklin R. Schneier, M.D. Jane A. Luterek, M.A. Richard G. Heimberg, Ph.D. Eduardo Leonardo, M.D., Ph.D. Phenomenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Associated Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Differential Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Assessment Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Biological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Psychosocial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Benzodiazepines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 β-Adrenergic Blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Buspirone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Other Medications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Psychotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Cognitive Restructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Relaxation Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Social Skills Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 5 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Brian Martis, M.D. Nancy J. Keuthen, Ph.D. Kimberly A. Wilson, Ph.D. Michael Jenike, M.D. Phenomenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Associated Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Differential Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Assessment Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Genetic Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Neuroanatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Neurochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Partial Response and Treatment Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Psychotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Behavioral Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. . . . . . 106 Cognitive Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. . . . . . . 110 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 6 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Randall D. Marshall, M.D. Barbara Rothbaum, Ph.D. Phenomenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Associated Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Acute Stress Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Differential Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Assessment Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Acute Stress Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Psychotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Early Psychodynamic History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Acute Stress Disorder. . . . 134 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder. . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Jonathan D. Huppert, Ph.D. Moira Rynn, M.D. Phenomenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Associated Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Differential Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Assessment Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Worry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Somatic Symptoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Neurobiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Antidepressants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Benzodiazepines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Buspirone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Hydroxyzine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Maintenance Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Psychotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Psychoeducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Self-Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

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Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent, persistent, disabling, and costly psychiatric disorders, yet they are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Fortunately, there have been major advances in understanding and treating these conditions in recent years; this is one of the most exciting ar
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