Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3rd Edition (3-Volume Set)

6990 Pages·2005·214.08 MB·English

by  Robert R. Edelman

Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging: 3-Volume Set
by Robert R. Edelman, John Hesselink, and Michael Zlatkin
Hardcover: 4200 pages
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Publisher: Saunders; 3 edition (October 21, 2005)
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Language: English
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ISBN-10: 0721603068
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ISBN-13: 978-0721603063
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Description:
The MRI reference that the American Journal of Roentgenology called "hard to beat" is back
in a state- of-the-art New Edition! It comprehensively examines all of the newest technologies
and clinical applications relevant to MR imaging of the heart, brain, head and neck, spine,
body, and musculoskeletal system.
4,700 beautifully reproduced illustrations - including hundreds of new full-color images - help
readers accurately diagnosis a broad spectrum of conditions. This exhaustively revised 3rd Edition
delivers more than 70% new content and authors and a new full-color format that covers all
the important technologies as you see them.
Audience:
Diagnostic Radiologists, Radiology Residents, Health Science Libraries.
Table of Contents
VOLUME 1
I. PHYSICS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND ADVANCED TECHNIQUES
1. History
2. Basic Principles
3. Practical Considerations and Image Optimization
4. Instrumentation: Magnet, Gradients, and Coils
5. Pulse Sequence Design
6. Biochemical Basis of the MRI Appearance of Cerebral Hemorrhage
7. Advanced Imaging Techniques
8. Parallel Imaging Methods
9. Principles of Functional Imaging of the Brain
10. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
11. Diffusion Tensor Imaging
12. Perfusion Imaging of the Brain
13. Contrast Agents: Basic Principles
14. Tissue-Specific Contrast Agents
15. Molecular Imaging
16. Functional Imaging of the Body
17. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Basic Principles
18. High-Field Imaging
19. MRI-Guided Interventions
20. MRI-Guided Intravascular Interventions
21. Screening MRI
22. Image Artifacts and Solutions
23. Image Processing: Principles, Techniques, and Applications
24. Bioeffects, Safety, and Patient Management
25. The MR Imaging Center
26. Measuring the Capacity, Productivity, and Costs of Service of an MRI Center: The Service Costing Approach
II. HEART
27. Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Basic Principles
28. Basic Principles and Clinical Applications of Flow Quantification
29. Principles and Optimization of Contrast-Enhanced Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Angiography
30. Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Body
31. Magnetic Resonance Venography of the Body
32. Cardiac Imaging Techniques
33. Coronary Arteries
34. Myocardial Perfusion
35. Myocardial Viability
36. Valvular Heart Disease
37. Adult Heart Disease
38. Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease
VOLUME 2
III. BRAIN
39. Brain: Indications, Technique, and Atlas
40. Adult Brain Tumors
41. Brainstem, Cranial Nerves and Cerebellum
42. Pituitary Gland and Parasellar Region
43. Perfusion and MRS for Brain Tumor Diagnosis
44. Infectious & Inflammatory Diseases
45. Intracranial Hemorrhage
46. Trauma
47. MR Imaging of Epilepsy
48. Practical Clinical Applications of Functional MRI
49. Aneurysms & Vascular Malformations
50. Stroke & Cerebral Ischemia
51. MR Angiography of the Head and Neck
52. Diffusion & Perfusion MRI
53. White Matter Disease
54. Diffusion Tensor Imaging
55. Neurodegenerative Disorders
56. Toxic and Metabolic Disorders
57. Developmental Disorders
58. Pediatric Brain Tumors
59. Pediatric Anoxic/Ischemic Injury
60. Functional MRI in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
61. MR Spectroscopy of the Brain
IV. HEAD AND NECK
62. Orbital and Intraocular Lesions
63. Skull Base & Temporal Bone
64. Paranasal Sinuses & Nasal Cavity
65. Nasopharynx & Deep Facial Compartments
66. Lower Face & Salivary Glands
67. Neck
V. SPINE
68. Spine Atlas
69. Spinal Cord and Intradural Disease
70. Degenerative Disease
71. Positional and Kinetic Spin Imaging
72. Post-operative Spine
73. Pediatric Spine: Congenital and Developmental Disorders
74. Vertebral & Paravertebral Abnormalities
75. MR Neurography
VOLUME 3
VI. BODY
76. Chest, Including Lung Function
77. Breast Cancer
78. Breast Implants
79. MR Cholangiopancreatography
80. Gallbladder
81. Focal Liver Disease
82. Diffuse Liver Disease
83. Liver Transplant Imaging
84. Pancreas
85. Bowel, Peritoneum, and Mesentery
86. Kidneys
87. Adrenal Glands
88. Bladder
89. Prostate
90. Scrotum and Testes
91. Malignant Disorders of the Female Pelvis
92. Female Pelvis: Benign Conditions
93. Pelvic Floor Imaging
94. Fetal MRI
95. Pediatric Body
VII. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
96. Musculoskeletal MRI Techniques
97. MR Arthrography
98. Kinematic MRI
99. Shoulder
100. Elbow
101. Wrist and Hand
102. Hip
103. Knee
104. Ankle and Foot
105. TM Joint
106. The Musculotendinous Unit
107. Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
108. Marrow Disorders
109. Cartilage
110. Pediatric Musculoskeletal Disorders
111. Synovial Disorders
112. Extremity Scanners
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HYSICS NSTRUMENTATION AND DVANCED
ECHNIQUES
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ISTORY OF AGNETIC ESONANCE
Roy Irwan
Matthijs Oudkerk
Great advances have been made in recent decades in the development of (nuclear) magnetic
resonance (imaging). The imaging community often omits the word "nuclear" and attaches the word
"imaging" so that NMR becomes MRI. The former change is largely due to public relations concerns,
while the latter refers to the imaging. For convenience and consistency, MR is used for both NMR and
MRI throughout this chapter unless otherwise stated.
A knowledge of the history of MR allows us to better appreciate the remarkable progress in the field.
According to the Roman philosopher, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC), those who have no
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knowledge of the things that took place before their birth will remain a child.
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The fundamentals of conventional MR have been expounded in a number of texts. It is our intent
in this chapter to chronologically review the most important milestones related to the development of
MR, including the first commercially available MR scanners. Such a review, especially in a relatively
short chapter, inevitably leads to difficult compromises. Those interested in more detailed discussions
are referred to the cited references and references therein.
We confine the scope of the discussion in this chapter to a description of the relevant contributors to
the physics both before and after the Nobel Prize in 1952, a year that is often regarded as the birth of
MR.
In addition, a guided tour of the Fourier transform will be given in a separate section, before we
discuss the development of MR imaging. Many manufacturers have developed pulse sequences and
have often used different names for the same technique. For this reason we strive to classify the main
classes of pulse sequences and list them according to the major manufacturers.
Finally, it is not our goal to cover clinical applications or contrast agents, which are dealt with in other
chapters later in this book.
Printed from: Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 3rd edition (on 11 April 2010)
© 2010 Elsevier
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OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE
Early Scientific Contributions
Although the basic discovery of MR was often related to the Nobel Prize in 1952, the fundamental
phenomenon of MR is much older and may be traced back to the Fourier transform which is a real
watershed in the history of MR.
Fourier
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (Fig. 1-1) was born on March 21, 1768 in Auxerre and died on May 16,
1830 in Paris. Fourier served three years as the secretary of the Institut d'Egypte at the beginning of
the 19th century and later became prefect of the Isère département in France.6 Furthermore, he was
one of the chief engineers on Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, where the torrid climate appealed to him.
The focus of his life, however, was mathematics and without his Fourier transform we would not be
able to create MR images. A brief overview of the Fourier transform will be given in a separate section
later in this chapter.
The 1920s were extremely fruitful scientifically, particularly due to the success of quantum theory and
quantum mechanics. The milestones in the field of MR are summarized below.
Pauli
In 1924, an Austrian physicist, Wolfgang Pauli (Fig. 1-2), proposed a quantum spin number for
electrons. He is best known for the Pauli exclusion principle, proposed in 1925, for which he received
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the Nobel Prize in 1945.
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Figure 1-1 J Fourier,1768-1830, the founder of the Fourier transform, which is the basis of most
(medical) imaging modalities today.
This principle says that two identical particles (fermions) cannot exist in the same quantum state.4
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Furthermore, prior to World War II, Pauli was the first to recognize the existence of the neutrino, an
uncharged and massless particle that carries off energy in radioactivity.12
Uhlenbeck
In the same year as Pauli proposed his exclusion principle, George Uhlenbeck (Fig. 1-3), introduced
the concept of a spinning electron, with resultant angular momentum and a magnetic dipole moment
arising from the spinning electrical charge. It was Pauli's exclusion principle that led Uhlenbeck to arrive
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at this idea. He wrote :
"… it occurred to me that, since (I had learned) each quantum number corresponds to a
degree of freedom of the electron, Pauli's fourth quantum number must mean that the
electron had an additional degree of freedom - in other words the electron must be
rotating."
The concept immediately excited a number of great scientists at that time such as Bohr, Pauli,
Einstein, Heisenberg and others interested in quantum theory. Besides this work, Uhlenbeck also
contributed significantly to atomic structure and the kinetic theory of matter. He extended Boltzmann's
equation to dense gasses and wrote two papers on Brownian motion.11
Rabi
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Figure 1-2 W Pauli, born on 25 April 1900 in Vienna, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1945 for
his exclusion principle. (Reproduced by permission of the Nobel Foundation.)
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Figure 1-3 G Uhlenbeck (left) and N van Kampen (right) during the Boltzman conference in Vienna in
1973. Uhlenbeck proposed the concept of electron spin in 1925. (Courtesy of N van Kampen.)
During the early 1930s Isaac Rabi (Fig. 1-4), born in Raymanov, Austria, on July 29, 1898, set up a
laboratory at Columbia University in New York which later became a major center for atomic and
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molecular studies.
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Figure 1-4 I Rabi was born in Austria in 1898 and awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1944 for his
investigation on molecular beam magnetic resonance methods. (Reproduced by permission of the

Nobel Foundation.)
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Rabi's successful research was influenced by the visit of Cornelis Jacobus Gorter (see below), a Dutch
physicist, in September 1937. Gorter and his co-worker Broer reported unsuccessful attempts to
observe nuclear magnetic resonance in pure crystalline materials.7 This first publication with the name
"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" in Gorter's paper provided important clues to Rabi, who accepted and
realized Gorter's suggestions concerning his experiments, modified them and was finally able to
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observe resonance experimentally. This led to the publication of "A New Method of Measuring Nuclear
Magnetic Moment" in 1938 where the first MR signal from LiCL (lithium chloride) (Fig. 1-5) was
reported.8
Although this publication refers to Gorter's visit and unsuccessful experiment, it does not acknowledge
his suggestions. Gorter's reaction to Rabi's publication was rather furious9:
"I cannot deny that I felt some pride, mixed with the feeling that my contribution was
somewhat undervalued though my advice was acknowledged in the Letter."
Rabi was eventually awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1944 for his investigation on the molecular
beam magnetic resonance methods.
Gorter
Gorter himself (Fig. 1-6) was born in Utrecht on August 14, 1907. He went to school in The Hague and
studied physics in Leiden. He was the first to demonstrate the phenomenon of paramagnetic
relaxation10 and narrowly missed the discovery of nuclear spin resonance.
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Figure 1-5 First reported MR signal from LiCl by Rabi. The beam intensity is measured as a function
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of various values of the magnetic fields. One ampere corresponds to approximately 1.84 × 10
Tesla (T).
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Figure 1-6 C Gorter, a Dutch physicist, attempted to observe resonant heating of a substance in a
strong magnetic field, without success. His negative result, however, provided the important clues to

Rabi's successful experiments. (Courtesy of Leiden University.)
His approach was to use a resonance property of the nuclear spins when they are placed in a
magnetic field B . At the Larmor frequency,
0
where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio, Gorter knew that a magnetic
dipole transition should occur if an alternating radiofrequency (RF) field B is applied perpendicular to
1
B .
0
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Figure 1-7 First measurement for electron paramagnetic resonance on copper at 4.76 mT carried out

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