Clinical Lipidology: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease

540 Pages·2014·68.624 MB·English

by  Christie M. Ballantyne

CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY
A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
2
ND EDITION
CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY
A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
Christie M. Ballantyne, M.D.
Professor ofMedicine, Genetics, and Physiology
Chief, Section of Cardiovascular Research
Chief, Section of Cardiology
Departmentof Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas
Director
Center for Cardiovascular DiseasePrevention
The MethodistDeBakey Heart andVascular Center
Houston, Texas
1600JohnF.KennedyBlvd.
Ste1800
Philadelphia,PA19103-2899
CLINICALLIPIDOLOGY:ACOMPANIONTOBRAUNWALD'SHEARTDISEASE,SECONDEDITION ISBN:978-0-323-28786-9
Copyright©2015,2009bySaunders,animprintofElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Chapter39:SpecialPatientPopulations:AcuteCoronarySyndromesisinpublicdomain.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Clinicallipidology:acompaniontoBraunwald'sheartdisease/[editedby]ChristieM.Ballantyne.–Secondedition.
p.;cm.
Complementedby:Braunwald'sheartdisease/editedbyDouglasL.Mann,DouglasP.Zipes,PeterLibby,RobertO.Bonow,
EugeneBraunwald.10thedition.[2015].
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-323-28786-9(hardcover:alk.paper)
I.Ballantyne,ChristieM.,editor.II.Braunwald'sheartdisease.10thed.Complementedby(expression):
[DNLM:1.Lipoproteins–metabolism.2.CardiovascularDiseases–complications.3.Dyslipidemias.4.LipidMetabolism.QY465]
RC681
616.1'2–dc23
2014033582
ContentStrategist:DoloresMeloni
ContentDevelopmentSpecialist:AngelaRufino/JenniferEhlers
PublishingServicesManager:HemamaliniRajendrababu
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PrintedinCanada
Lastdigitistheprintnumber:9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Tomyfamilyfortheirsupportthroughoutmycareer,becauseitmeanttimeawayfromthem:mywife
and partner, Yasmine, and my daughters, Leyla, Christina, and Katina; my parents, sisters, and
brothers;andfriends.
Totheindividualswhoinspiredmetopursueacademicpreventivecardiology:DonaldSeldin,who
inspiredmetoteach;JimWillerson,whowasarolemodelforhardworkanddedicationtopatient
care;ArtBeaudet,forhisrigorousapproachtothescientificmethodandcriticalthinking;andTony
Gotto,whowasarolemodelasaclinician–scientist–educator–father–administrator.
Toallmycolleaguesandtrainees,forsharingwithmethepartsoftheirlivesinwhichweworked
togetherinbothresearchandpatientcare.
Tomy patients andindividuals everywhere who havelipid disorders andatherosclerosis, in the
hopethatthisbookmaypreventpain,suffering,andprematuredeathfromcardiovasculardisease.
Finally,IwouldalsoliketothankKerrieJaraforthemanyhoursshespentworkingonthissecond
edition.
Contributors
Ashok Balasubramanyam, M.D. Laura Chiavaroli,M.Sc., Ph.D.(c)
Professor ofMedicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Facultyof Medicine, Department ofNutritional Sciences,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas University ofToronto;Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor
Modification Center, St. Michael’sHospital, Toronto,
Ontario,Canada
Christie M. Ballantyne,M.D.
ProfessorofMedicine,Genetics,andPhysiology,Chief,
SectionofCardiovascularResearch,Chief,Sectionof TimothyS. Church, M.D., M.P.H.,Ph.D.
Cardiology,DepartmentofMedicine,BaylorCollegeof Professor, PreventiveMedicine Laboratory, Pennington
Medicine;Director,CenterforCardiovascularDisease Biomedical ResearchCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Prevention,TheMethodistDeBakeyHeartandVascular
Center,Houston,Texas DavidE.Cohen,M.D., Ph.D.
Director,Hepatology,DivisionofGastroenterology,Brigham
and Women’sHospital; Director, Harvard-MIT Divisionof
Philip J.Barter, M.B.B.S., Ph.D.
HealthSciencesandTechnology;RobertH.EbertProfessor
Professor, Centrefor Vascular Research, Lowy Cancer
ofMedicineandHealthSciencesandTechnology,Harvard
Research Centre, Universityof New South Wales,Sydney,
MedicalSchool, Boston, Massachusetts
Australia
Julia C. Creider, Hon B.MSc., M.D.
RogerS. Blumenthal, M.D.
Resident, Internal Medicine, SchulichSchool ofMedicine
Professor ofMedicine and Director,JohnsHopkins
andDentistry,WesternUniversity,London,Ontario,Canada
CiccaronePreventive Cardiology Center, Johns Hopkins
University,Baltimore,Maryland
StephenR. Daniels,M.D., Ph.D.
Professorand Chairman, Departmentof Pediatrics,
Michael B. Boffa,Ph.D.
University ofColorado Schoolof Medicine; Pediatrician-in-
Associate Professor, Department ofChemistry and Chief, Children’sHospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Biochemistry, University ofWindsor,Windsor, Ontario,
Canada
DavidJ.Davidson, M.D.
Department of Medicine, Universityof Chicago, Chicago,
Bryan Brewer, Jr., M.D.
Illinois
Director, WashingtonCardiovascular Associates; Senior
Research Consultant, Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis
MichaelH. Davidson, M.D.
Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute,Medstar
Professor, Section of Cardiology, Departmentof Medicine,
Health, Washington, D.C.
The University ofChicago Pritzker School ofMedicine,
Chicago, Illinois
Eliot A. Brinton,M.D., FAHA, FNLA.
Director, AtherometabolicResearch Utah Foundation for
Prakash Deedwania, M.D., FACC,FACP, FAHA
BiomedicalResearch, President, Utah Lipid Center, Salt
Professorof Medicine, Cardiology, Universityof California-
LakeCity, Utah
SanFranciscoProgramatFresno;Chief,CardiologyDivision
Medicine, VACCHCS, Fresno, California
Julie A. Brothers, M.D.
AssistantProfessor,Pediatrics,PerelmanSchoolofMedicine Emil M. deGoma, M.D.
attheUniversityofPennsylvania;Attending Physician, Divisionof Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman Schoolof
Cardiology,MedicalDirector,Lipid Heart Clinic, The Medicine at theUniversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Children’s Hospital ofPhiladelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Rose Q. Do, M.D.
LarsA. Carlson, M.D., Ph.D., FRCPEdin Assistant Professor ofMedicine, UniversityofColorado
KingGustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Schoolof Medicine; Staff Cardiologist, VAMedicalCenter,
Stockholm,Sweden Denver, Colorado
Alberico L.Catapano, Ph.D. Zahi A. Fayad, Ph.D.
ProfessorofPharmacology,DepartmentofPharmacological Director, Translational andMolecular Imaging Institute;
andBiomolecularSciences,UniversityofMilan,I.R.C.C.S. Professorof Radiology andMedicine (Cardiology), Mount
MULTIMEDICAHospital,Milan,Italy Sinai Schoolof Medicine, New York,New York
vii
viii
Sergio Fazio, M.D., Ph.D. Terry A. Jacobson, M.D.
The William and Sonja Connor, Chair of Preventive Professor, Departmentof Medicine, Director,Lipid Clinic
Cardiology,Professorof Medicine, Director,Center of and Cardiovascular, Risk Reduction Program, Emory
S
OR Preventive Cardiology, KnightCardiovascular Institute, University School ofMedicine, Atlanta, Georgia
T
U Oregon Health andScienceUniversity,Portland,Oregon
B
RI AlanG. Jardine, B.Sc., M.D., FRCP
T
N
O BengtFellstrøm, M.D, Ph.D. Professorof Renal Medicine andHead ofthe School of
C
Professor ofNephrology, University of Uppsala,Uppsala, Medicine,UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,Scotland,United
Sweden Kingdom
DavidJ.A. Jenkins, M.D., Ph.D., DSc.
Jennifer Fleming,M.S.,RD, LDN.
Facultyof Medicine, Department ofNutritional Sciences,
Clinical Research Coordinator, Department of Nutritional
University ofToronto;and Director,Clinical Nutrition and
Sciences,The Penn State University, UniversityPark,
RiskFactorModificationCenter;DivisionofEndocrinology;
Pennsylvania
andKeenanResearchCenteroftheLiKaShingKnowledge
Institute, St.Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
BaibaK. Gillard, Ph.D.
ResearchScientist,Cardiology,HoustonMethodistResearch
Amber E.Johnson, M.D., MBA
Institute, Houston,Texas
JohnHopkins,CiccaroneCenterforthePreventionofHeart
Disease, John HopkinsUniversity, Baltimore, Maryland
HenryN. Ginsberg, M.D.
Herbert andFlorence Irving Professor ofMedicine and PeterJones,M.D.
Director, Irving Institute for Clinical andTranslational The Richardson Centrefor Functional Foods and
Research, Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Nutraceuticals,University ofManitoba, Manitoba, Canada
Departmentof Medicine, Columbia UniversityCollege of
Physicians andSurgeons,New York, New York
PeterH. Jones,M.D.
AssociateProfessorofMedicine,DivisionofAtherosclerosis
Anne Carol Goldberg,M.D. andVascularMedicine,SectionofCardiovascularResearch,
Associate Professor ofMedicine, Washington University Department of Medicine, Baylor Collegeof Medicine,
School ofMedicine, St.Louis,Missouri Houston, Texas
Antonio M.Gotto, Jr.,M.D., D.Phil. John J.P. Kastelein, M.D., Ph.D.
DeanEmeritusandCo-Chairman oftheBoard ofOverseers Department of VascularMedicine, Academic Medical
andLewisThomas UniversityProfessor, Weill Cornell Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
MedicalCollege, New York,NewYork; Vice President and
Provost for Medical Affairs Emeritus, Cornell University, Cyril W.C. Kendall,M.D.
Ithaca, New York Facultyof Medicine, Department ofNutritional Sciences,
University ofToronto;Clinical Nutrition andRiskFactor
Modification Center, St. Michael’sHospital, Toronto,
JohnR. Guyton,M.D.
Ontario, Canada; Collegeof Pharmacy and Nutrition,
AssociateProfessorofMedicine,DivisionofEndocrinology,
University ofSaskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department ofMedicine, Duke
Canada
UniversityMedical Center, Durham, North Carolina
Jon Kobashigawa, M.D.
William S. Harris, Ph.D.
DSL/ThomasD. GordonChairin Heart Transplantation
Professor, Department ofMedicine, Sanford Schoolof
Medicine, Associate Director, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute,
Medicine, Universityof South Dakota, SiouxFalls, South
Director,Advanced HeartDisease Section, Director, Heart
Dakota; President, OmegaQuant Analytics, Sioux Falls,
Transplant Program, Cedars-SinaiMedicalCenter, Los
SouthDakota; Senior Research Scientist, Health Diagnostic
Angeles, California
Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, Virginia
Marlys L.Koschinsky, Ph.D.
RobertA. Hegele, M.D., FRCPC,FACP
Dean,Facultyof Science; Professor,Chemistry and
Distinguished UniversityProfessor,Medicine and
Biochemistry,Universityof Windsor, Windsor,Ontario,
Biochemistry, Schulich Schoolof Medicine, University of
Canada
WesternOntario,London, Ontario,Canada
Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Ph.D., RD.
Hallvard Holdaas, M.D., Ph.D. DistinguishedProfessorof Nutrition, Department of
Departmentof TransplantMedicine, Oslo University Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University,
Hospital,Rikshospitalet,Oslo, Norway University Park,Pennsylvania
Ron C. Hoogeveen, Ph.D. Jan Albert Kuivenhoven, Ph.D.
Section of Cardiovascular Research, Departmentof Molecular Genetics, Universityof Groningen, University
Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston,Texas MedicalCenter, Groningen, The Netherlands
ix
Olivier Lairez, M.D., Ph.D. Jennifer E. Moon, Ph.D.
TranslationalandMolecularImagingInstitute,IcahnSchool WeillCornell Medical College, New York, New York
ofMedicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Cardiac
C
Imaging Center, UniversityHospital ofRangueil, Toulouse, O
Patrick M.Moriarty, M.D. N
France Professorof Medicine, Directorof ClinicalPharmacology/ TR
IB
Atherosclerosis andLipoprotein-ApheresisCenter, U
T
CarlJ. Lavie, M.D., FACC, FACP, FCCP University ofKansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas OR
Medical Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Departmentof S
Cardiovascular Disease John Ochsner Heart andVascular
Mohammad Mahdi Motazacker,Ph.D.
Institute,NewOrleans,Louisiana;DepartmentofPreventive
DepartmentofClinicalGenetics,AcademicMedicalCenter,
Medicine, Pennington BiomedicalResearch Center, Baton
Amsterdam,The Netherlands
Rouge, Louisiana
Peter Libby, M.D. Vijay Nambi,M.D., Ph.D.
MalinckrodtProfessorofMedicine,HarvardMedicalSchool, Staff Cardiologist, Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans
Chief Cardiovascular Division, Brigham andWomen’s AffairsHospital;Assistant Professor, Division of
Hospital,Boston, Massachusetts Atherosclerosis andVascular Medicine, Section of
Cardiovascular Research, Medicine, Baylor Collegeof
Medicine, Houston, Texas
MacRae F. Linton, M.D.
Stephen and Mary Schillig Professorof Medicine and
Pharmacology,Cardiovascular Medicine Division;Director, Smita I. Negi, M.D.
VanderbiltLipid Clinic, Vanderbilt UniversitySchool of Fellow,DivisionofCardiology,MedstarWashingtonHospital
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Center, Washington,D.C.
Santica M.Marcovina, Ph.D.,ScD StephenJ. Nicholls, M.D., Ph.D.
Research Professorof Medicine, University of Washington, Professorof Cardiology and SAHMRI Heart Foundation
Director, NorthwestLipid Metabolismand Diabetes HeartDisease Theme Leader, South AustralianHealth&
Research Laboratories,Seattle, Washington MedicalResearch Institute,Adelaide, Australia
Patrick B. Mark, M.B.Ch.B.,Ph.D.,FRCP
StevenE.Nissen,M.D.
Senior Lecturerin Nephrology, Universityof Glasgow,
Chair, Department ofCardiovascular Medicine, The
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
Seth S.Martin, M.D.
Fellow, Cardiology;Fellow, Ciccarone Center for the Giuseppe D. Norata,Ph.D.
Prevention ofHeart DiseaseJohnsHopkinsUniversity, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular
Baltimore, Maryland Sciences, University ofMilan, Milan, Italy
Mark E.McGovern,M.D., FACC,FACP PayalS. Patel, M.D.
Miami, Florida Baylor College ofMedicine, Division ofEndocrinology,
Diabetes andMetabolism, Baylor Collegeof Medicine,
James M. McKenney, PharmD Houston, Texas
President andCEO, National ClinicalResearch, Inc;
Professor Emeritus Virginia Commonwealth University, RajanK. Patel, M.B.Ch.B., Ph.D.
Richmond,Virginia Lecturerin Nephrology andTransplantation, ICAMS,
University ofGlasgow,Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
Michael Miller, M.D.
ProfessorofMedicineandEpidemiologyandPublicHealth,
F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, M.D., M.P.H.
UniversityofMarylandSchoolofMedicine;Director,Center
Professorof Medicine, and Co-Director, New York Obesity/
for PreventiveCardiology, Universityof Maryland Medical
Nutrition ResearchCenter, Columbia University,New York,
Center, Baltimore,Maryland
New York
Yury I. Miller, M.D., Ph.D.
Professor,DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofCalifornia, Yashashwi Pokharel,M.D., MSCR
SanDiego, San Diego, California Fellow of Lipid and Lipoprotein, Section of Cardiovascular
Research, Department of Medicine; Fellow ofLipid and
Lipoprotein, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention,
Arash Mirrahimi, B.Sc., M.Sc.
Methodist DeBakey Heart and VascularCenter, Baylor
Medical Student, Schoolof Medicine, Faculty ofHealth
Sciences,Queen’s University,Kingston, Ontario,Canada; Collegeof Medicine, Houston, Texas
Research Associate, Departmentof Nutritional Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, Universityof Toronto;Research Henry J.Pownall, B.S., M.S.,Ph.D.
Associate, ClinicalNutrition and Risk Factor Modification Scientist, Departmentof Cardiology, Houston Methodist
Center, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto,Ontario,Canada Research Institute,Houston, Texas
x
Frederick Raal, M.B., B.Ch., Ph.D. Parmanand Singh, M.D.
Director,CarbohydrateandLipidMetabolismResearchUnit; Assistant Professor ofMedicine, Departmentof Medicine,
Professor andHead, Division ofEndocrinology and Divisionof Cardiology, WeillCornell MedicalCollege, New
S
OR Metabolism, FacultyofHealthSciences, University ofthe YorkPresbyterian Hospital,New York, New York
T
U Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
B
RI Ann C. Skulas-Ray,Ph.D.
T
ON Daniel J.Rader, M.D. ResearchAssociate,DepartmentofNutritionalSciences,The
C
Seymour Gray Professorof Molecular Medicine, Chair, PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,Pennsylvania
Departmentof Genetics Chief, Division of Translational
Medicine andHuman Genetics, Department of Medicine, KristieSrichaikul, M.Sc.
Perelman Schoolof Medicine, The Universityof Facultyof Medicine, Universityof Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,
Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Canada
Gissette Reyes-Soffer,M.D. DianaM.Stafforini, Ph.D.
Assistant Professorof Medicine, Division ofPreventive Research Professor,Divisionof Cardiovascular Medicine,
MedicineandNutrition,DepartmentofMedicine,Columbia Department of Internal Medicine, Investigator, Huntsman
UniversityCollege of Physicians andSurgeons,New York, CancerInstitute,UniversityofUtahSchoolofMedicine,Salt
New York Lake City, Utah
Paul M.Ridker,M.D.
EvanA. Stein, M.D., Ph.D.
EugeneBraunwaldProfessorofMedicine,HarvardMedical
Metabolicand AtherosclerosisResearch Center; Voluntary
School; Director,Center for Cardiovascular Disease
Professor,PathologyandLaboratoryMedicine,Universityof
Prevention, Division ofPreventive Medicine, Brigham and
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
NeilJ.Stone, M.D., MACP, FACC, FAHA
CorinaRosales,M.S.,Ph.D.
BonowProfessorofMedicine,Medicine(Cardiology),
Postdoctoral Fellow, Cardiology, Houston Methodist Northwestern’sFeinbergSchoolofMedicine,Chicago,Illinois
Research Institute, Houston, Texas
DamonL. Swift, Ph.D.
RobertS. Rosenson, M.D.
Assistant Professor, College of Health andHuman
Professor ofMedicine and Directorof Cardiometabolic
Performance,Departmentof Kinesiology, East Carolina
Disorders, Icahn Schoolof Medicine atMount Sinai, New
University, Greenville, North Carolina
York, New York
Ahmed Tawakol,M.D.
Eli M.Roth, M.D., FACC
Director,IntegrativeBioImagingTrialsProgram,Co-Director,
AdjunctProfessorof ClinicalMedicine, Division of
Cardiac MR-PET-CT Program,Massachusetts General
CardiovascularHealthandDisease,UniversityofCincinnati
Hospital HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston, Massachusetts
MedicalCenter; President and Medical Director, Sterling
Research Group, Cincinnati, Ohio
Allen J. Taylor, M.D.
Chief, Cardiology Division, Medstar Heart Institute,Medstar
Kerry-AnneRye, Ph.D., FAHA.
Georgetown UniversityHospital, Washington, D.C.
Professor, Centre for Vascular Research, Universityof New
SouthWales, Sydney, New SouthWales, Australia
Sotirios Tsimikas, M.D., FACC, FAHA, FSCAI
Raul D. Santos,M.D., Ph.D. Professorof Medicine and Director ofVascular Medicine,
Associate Professor ofCardiology, Universityof Sao Paulo Divisionof Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of
MedicalSchool; Director,Lipid Clinic, HeartInstitute Medicine, University ofCalifornia SanDiego, La Jolla,
(InCor), Universityof Sao Paulo MedicalSchoolHospital, California
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Traci Turner,M.D.
Mark A.Sarzynski,Ph.D. ExecutiveDirector, Medpace ReferenceLaboratoriesand
AssistantProfessor-Research,HumanGenomicsLaboratory, Metabolicand AtherosclerosisResearch Center, Medpace,
Pennington BiomedicalResearch Center, BatonRouge, Cincinnati, Ohio
Louisiana
KrishnaswamiVijayaraghavan,M.D.
GregoryG. Schwartz,M.D., Ph.D. Vice President, Scottsdale Cardiovascular Center;Medical
Chief, Cardiology Section, VAMedical Center; Professor of Director,CV Research, Scottsdale Healthcare; Professor of
Medicine, Division ofCardiology,Universityof Colorado Medicine, Midwestern University, Scottsdale, Arizona
School ofMedicine, Aurora, Colorado
Salim S. Virani, M.D., Ph.D.
Rajagopal V.Sekhar, M.D. Staff Cardiologist and Investigator, Michael E. DeBakey
Associate Professor ofMedicine, Translational Metabolism VeteransAffairsMedicalCenter,AssistantProfessor,Section
Unit,DivisionofDiabetes, Endocrinology, andMetabolism, ofCardiovascularResearch,DepartmentofMedicine,Baylor
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Collegeof Medicine, Houston, Texas