Clinical Law for Clinical Practice Clinical Law for Clinical Practice Robert Wheeler, FRCS MS LLB(Hons) LLM Consultant Neonatal and Paediatric Surgeon and Associate Medical Director Department of Clinical Law University Hospital of Southampton Southampton Hampshire, England and Honorary Senior Lecturer University of Southampton First edition published 2020 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently veri- fied. The reader is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or materials mentioned in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical profes- sional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright mate- rial has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wheeler, Robert (Consultant neonatal and pediatric surgeon), author. Title: Clinical law for clinical practice / Robert Wheeler. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Clinicians must practice medicine in conformity with regulatory requirements. That is the daily challenge, and those requirements are founded on medical law. This book describes how clinical law has been applied in numerous cases, thus providing a clinical appraisal of the law which is directly applicable to clinical practice in the United Kingdom”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020006885 (print) | LCCN 2020006886 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367335595 (paperback) | ISBN 9780367335632 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429320583 (ebook) Subjects: MESH: Clinical Medicine--legislation & jurisprudence | Patient Rights--legislation & jurisprudence | Treatment Refusal--legislation & jurisprudence | Liability, Legal | United Kingdom Classification: LCC RC46 (print) | LCC RC46 (ebook) | NLM WB 33 FA1 | DDC 616--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020006885 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020006886 ISBN: 978-0-367-33563-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-33559-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-32058-3 (ebk) Typeset in Times LT Std by Nova Techset Private Limited, Bengaluru & Chennai, India Contents Foreword by Sir Jonathan MontgoMery xi introduction xiii 1 adultS who reFuSe blood 1 Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals FT v LM [2014] EWHC 454 (COP) 2 diScuSSing the ProSPectS oF cardioPulMonary reSuScitation 5 RoA David Tracey v Cambridge NHSFT & Ors [2014] EWCA Civ 822 3 what Should be diScloSed when Seeking conSent 9 Montgomery v Lanarkshire [2015] UKSC 11 4 dePrivation in eSSex 13 Essex County Council v RF&PN&JN&CP [2015] EWCOP 1 5 the FirSt gliMPSe oF a duty to warn? 15 David Spencer v Hillingdon Hospital NHST [2015] EWHC 1058 (QB) 6 can a Patient chooSe her Surgeon? 17 Kathleen Jones v Royal Devon & Exeter NHSFT County Court 22 September 2015 7 SentiMentS 19 Wye Valley NHST v Mr B [2015] EWCOP 60 8 unwiSe deciSionS 21 Kings College Hospital NHSFT v C & V [2015] EWCOP 80 v vi Contents 9 conSulting relativeS 23 Elaine Winspear v City Hospitals Sunderland NHSFT [2015] EWHC 3250 QB 10 doctrine oF double eFFect 25 R v Adams [1957] Crim LR 365 R v Cox [1992] 12 BMLR 38 R v Woollin [1999] 1 AC 82 11 needle Phobia 27 Re L (Patient: Non-Consensual Treatment) [1997] 2 FLR 837 Re MB (Medical Treatment) [1997] 2 FLR 426 12 candid over coMPlicationS 29 No case 13 exaMining PatientS with their conSent 31 No case 14 covert treatMent 33 AG v BMBC & SNH [2016] EWCOP 37 15 can blood be coMPulSorily adMiniStered under the Mental health act 1983? 35 Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHST v RC [2014] EWCOP 1317 16 genetic conFidentiality 39 ABC v St George’s Healthcare NHSFT [2015] EWHC 1394 QB; see Chapter 62 for most recent review of case 17 reFuSing hoSPital diScharge 41 Barnet Primary Care Trust v X [2006] EWHC 787 QB Sussex Community NHSFT v Price [2016] EWHC 3167 QB 18 conSent For a cannula 43 Anita Border v Lewisham & Greenwich [2015] EWCA Civ 8 Contents vii 19 changing direction in Severe anorexia 45 Betsi Cadwaladr ULH Board v W [2016] EWCOP 13 and Cheshire & Wirral NHST v Z [2016] EWCOP 56 20 be inForMed; then diScloSe 47 Sebastian Webster v Burton Hospitals NHST [2017] EWCA Civ 62 21 withdrawing treatMent in a young Man 49 The Acute Trust v R [2016] EWCOP 60 22 the value oF going to court 51 NHST v HN [2016] EWCOP 43 23 articulating beSt intereStS 53 Salford Royal NHSFT v P & Q [2017] EWCOP 23 24 loyal FriendS 55 Sheffield Teaching Hospitals v TH & TR [2014] EWCOP 4 25 aPPly to court? 57 NHST v Y & Y [2017] EWHC 2866 QB 26 diScloSing the MiniScule riSk when Seeking conSent 61 Mrs A v East Kent Hospitals University NHSFT [2015] EWHC 1038 QB Rogers v Whittaker [1992] 109 ALR 625 (Aust.HC) 27 obtaining conSent 65 Lisa Thefaut v Francis Johnston [2017] EWHC 497 QB 28 dePrivation oF liberty: the Story So Far 67 P v Cheshire West & Chester Council & Ors [2014] UKSC 19 R (Ferreira) v HM Senior Coroner for Inner South London & Ors [2017] EWCA Civ 31 29 Falling FroM hoSPital ProPerty 69 Spearman v Royal United Bath Hospitals [2017] EWHC 3027 QB viii Contents 30 groSS negligence ManSlaughter: PerhaPS better, ‘betrayal oF truSt’? 71 Bawa-Garba v GMC & Ors [2018] EWCA Civ 1879 (Betrayal of Trust in Medical Manslaughter. Journal of Criminal Law 2019 83 (6) 489–502) 31 interPretation 75 Nilujan Rajatheepan v Barking, Havering & Redbridge NHSFT [2018] EWHC 716 (QB) 32 a narrow diSPute 77 PW v Chelsea & Westminster Hospital NHSFT & RW & Ors [2018] EWCA Civ 1067 33 a right to be told? 79 Gallardo v Imperial College NHST [2017] EWHC 3147 (QB) 34 ‘but all liFe iS an exPeriMent’ 81 B v D [2017] EWCOP 15 35 avoid diScouraging PatientS FroM waiting to be treated 83 Darnley v Croydon Health Services NHST [2018] UKSC 50 36 Mixed MeSSageS 85 Re SJ [2018] EWCOP 28 37 it iS For clinicianS to identiFy ForeSeeable riSkS 87 Gail Duce v Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHST [2018] EWCA Civ 1307 38 SeParating twinS 89 Re A (Minors) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) [2001] Fam 147 39 body ModiFication 91 R v BM [2018] EWCA Crim 560 40 Seeking the aPProval oF a court For Paternity teSting 93 DCC v NLH [2019] EWCOP 9 Contents ix 41 children reFuSing treatMent 95 Re P (A Minor) [1986] 1 FLR 272 Re W (A Minor) (Medical Treatment: Court’s Jurisdiction) [1993] Fam 64 CA Re M (Medical Treatment: Consent) [1999] 2 FLR 1097 42 can we rely on our advance deciSionS? 99 NHS Cumbria CCG v Mrs Jillian Rushton & Ors [2018] EWCOP 41 43 iS there a role For ‘next oF kin’? 103 No case 44 Preaching to PatientS 105 Kuteh v Dartford & Gravesham NHST [2019] EWCA Civ 818 45 deceiving PatientS 107 University Hospitals Derby & Burton NHSFT v J [2019] EWCOP 16 46 deterMining incaPacity 109 Heart of England NHSFT v JB [2014] EWHC 324 COP 47 reaSonS For reFuSing blood? 111 Manchester University NHSFT v DE [2019] EWHC 1317 Fam 48 JuStiFying the terMination oF a Pregnancy 113 Re AB (Termination of Pregnancy) [2019] EWCA Civ 1215 49 the FeaSibility oF a covert caeSarean Section 115 NHST v JP [2019] EWCOP 23 50 coMMunicating riSk: wordS or nuMberS? 117 Ollosson v Lee [2019] EWHC 784 QB 51 Stark coMPulSion in grave circuMStanceS 119 XHA v D [2019] EWHC 2311 (Fam) 52 going to court too Soon 121 Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch Hospital NHST v TG [2019] EWCOP 21