Clinical laboratory medicine : clinical application of laboratory data

1709 Pages·2002·66.87 MB·English

by  Kenneth D. McClatchey DDS MD

CLINICAL LABORATORY 
MEDICINE 

2nd Edition
2002
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Philadelphia
530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 LWW.com
0-683-30751-7
All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for
brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official
duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright.
Printed in China
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clinical laboratory medicine / editor, Kenneth D. McClatchey.—2nd ed.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-683-30751-7
1. Diagnosis, Laboratory. I. McClatchey, Kenneth D.
[DNLM: 1. Laboratory Techniques and Procedures. QY 4 C6414 2001]
RB37.C5897 2001
616.07′56—dc21
2001029271
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the
authors, editor, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this
book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a
particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner.
The authors, editor, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in
accordance with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in
government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the
package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly
important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in
restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned
for use in their clinical practice.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Editor
Kenneth D. McClatchey M.D., D.D.S.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University/Foster G. McGaw Hospital, Maywood, Illinois
SECTION CHIEFS
Serhan Alkan M.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
Emanuel Hackel Ph.D.
Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
David F. Keren M.D.
Medical Director
Warde Medical Laboratory; Clinical Professor, Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Elizabeth Lee-Lewandrowski Ph.D., M.P.H.
Clinical Chemistry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Kent B. Lewandrowski M.D.
Clinical Chemistry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Kenneth D. McClatchey M.D., D.D.S.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University/Foster G. McGaw Hospital, Maywood, Illinois
Harold A. Oberman M.D.
Director
Blood Bank and Transfusion Service; Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health Center, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Douglas A. Triplett M.D.
Vice President
Medical Education; Director, Midwest Hemostasis and Thrombosis Laboratories, Ball Memorial Hospital; Assistant Dean and Professor,
Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Muncie, Indiana
Daniel L. Van Dyke Ph.D.
Chairman
Medical Genetics, Henry Ford Hospital; Professor, Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Henry Ford Health Science
Center, Detroit, Michigan
Patrick C. J. Ward M.D.
Professor and Head
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Duluth School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota
Gail L. Woods M.D.
Department of Clinical Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas
Ruth W. Weinberg
Acquisitions Editor
Raymond E. Reter
Developmental Editor
Colin Warnock
Manufacturing Manager
Thomas Foley
Production Editor
Mark Lerner
Cover Designer
Compositor: Maryland Composition Co., Inc.
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
György Ábel M.D., Ph.D.
Director
Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts
Serhan Alkan M.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
Hesham M. Amin M.B., B.Ch., M.Sc.
Hematopathology Fellow
Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
F. Philip Anderson Ph.D., D.A.B.C.C., F.A.C.B.
Assistant Professor of Pathology; Co-Director of Clinical Chemistry
Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
Mary E. Barkus M.D.
Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
Patrick G. Beatty M.D.
Professor
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Miriam G. Blitzer Ph.D.
Professor and Chief
Department of Human Genetics, University of Maryland School of Medicine; and, University of Maryland Medical Center, Department of
Pediatrics, Baltimore, Maryland
Bruce F. Bower M.D., F.A.C.E.
Clinical Endocrinology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
John T. Brandt M.D.
Senior Clinical Research Pathologist
Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
Eric Brestel M.D.
Department of Medicine, East Carolina University, School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina
Arlene M. Buller M.D.
Genetics and Pathology Department, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
Robert W. Burnett M.D.
Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
Kai Cao M.D.
Scientist I
American Red Cross, National Histocompatibility Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland
John L. Carey III M.D.
Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
Thomas E. Carey Ph.D.
Otolaryngology
Head, Neck and Surgery Department, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Aaron Carroll M.D.
Seattle, Washington
Karen C. Carroll M.D.
Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
Stephen Cordner M.D.
Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Tina M. Cowan Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Pediatrics; Director, Biochemical Genetics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Jonathan L. Curry M.D.
Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
Gordon W. Dewald Ph.D.
Chair
Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Fred R. Dick
Professor
Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine; and, Staff Pathologist, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa
Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
Daniel J. Diekema M.D.
Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
J. Stephen Dumler M.D.
Associate Director
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital; and, Associate Professor, Department of
Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Mohamed M. El-Nageh M.D., Ph.D.
Executive Director
International Consortium for Blood Safety, The New York Blood Center, New York, New York
Stephen G. Emerson M.D., Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; and, Chief, Hematology-Oncology Division, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Barry G. England Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Medical Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Marcelo Fernandez-Vina Ph.D.
Laboratory Director
American Red Cross, National Histocompatibility Laboratory, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland
Andrea Ferreira-Gonzalez Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University; and, Technical Director, Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Pathology,
Medical College of Virginia Hospitals, Richmond, Virginia
Annette W. Fothergill M.A, M.B.A., M.T. (A.S.C.P.), C.L.S. (N.C.A.)
Technical Supervisor
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
Carleton T. Garrett M.D., Ph.D.
Division Chair
Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals; and, Professor, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia
James German M.D.
Professor
Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
Alfred J. Grindon M.D.
Professor
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
Meryl H. Haber M.D.
Borland Professor and Chairman (Retired)
Department of Pathology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
Emanuel Hackel Ph.D.
Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Curtis A. Hanson M.D.
Associate Professor
Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Alfred E. Hartmann M.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine; and, Medical Director, Department of Pathology,
Avera McKennan Hospital, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Gerald A. Hoeltge M.D.
Head
Section of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
Donald R. Hoffman Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
Earle W. Holmes Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine; and Director, Special Chemistry, Endocrinology, and
Immunoserology Laboratories, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
James D. Hoyer
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Jane C. Huang M.D.
Clinical Assistant Professor of Pathology
Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Karen James M.D.
Adjunct Associate Professor
Walker College of Business, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
Stephen G. Jenkins
Department of Pathology, University of Florida Health Science Center, Jacksonville, Florida
Susan T. Johnson M.T. (A.S.C.P.) S.B.B.
Manager
Immunohematology Services, The Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
M. John Judd F.I.B.M.S., M.I.Biol.
Professor
Division of Immunohematology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Malek Kamoun M.D., Ph.D.
Director
Clinical Immunology and Histocompatibility Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the
University of Pennsylvania; and, Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
Jeffrey A. Kant M.D., Ph.D.
Director
Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; and, Professor, Department of
Pathology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
David F. Keren M.D.
Medical Director
Warde Medical Laboratory; and, Clinical Professor of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Rhett P. Ketterling M.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota
Franklin P. Koontz Ph.D.
Co-Director of Clinical Microbiology; and Professor
Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals, Iowa City, Iowa
Alexander Kratz M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Brian D. Kueck M.D.
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Tai C. Kwong Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester; and, Director, Toxicology Laboratory, Strong Memorial
Hospital, Rochester, New York
Michael Laposata M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Elizabeth Lee-Lewandrowski Ph.D., M.P.H.
Clinical Chemistry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Kent B. Lewandrowski M.D.
Clinical Chemistry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Brian J. Linehan M.B., Ch.B., Dip., Obst. F.R.C.P.A.
Medlab Hamilton, Hamilton, New Zealand
Naomi L. C. Luban M.D.
Director
Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital; and, Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology,
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
Kenneth D. McClatchey M.D., D.D.S.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University/Foster G. McGaw Hospital, Maywood, Illinois
J. Philip McCoy Jr. Ph.D.
Cooper Hospital/University Medical Center, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden, Camden, New Jersey
Steven Mechanic
Yale University School of Medicine, Blood Bank, New Haven, CT
Jay E. Menitove M.D.
Executive Director and Medical Director
Community Blood Center; Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City; and, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Kansas
University School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
Fredrik Mertens M.D., Ph.D.
Senior Consultant
Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital; and, Associate Professor, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of
Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Derek Middleton Ph.D.
Director
Northern Ireland Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland; and Visiting Professor,
School of Biomedical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
Robert E. Moore Ph.D.
Associate Director of Clinical Chemistry
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hartford Hospitals, Hartford, Connecticut; and Professor, Department of Pathobiology,
University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
S. Breanndan Moore M.D.
Division of Transfusion Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Imaad B. Mujeeb M.D.
University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
Frederick S. Nolte Ph.D.
Laboratory Directory
Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Clinical Laboratories, Emory University Hospital; and, Associate Professor, Department of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
Harold A. Oberman M.D.
Director
Blood Bank and Transfusion Service, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health Center; and Professor, Department of
Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
James C. Overall Jr. M.D.
Professor Emeritus
Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
Catherine G. Palmer Ph.D.
Emeritus Professor
Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
Darryl E. Palmer-Toy M.D., Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
Michael A. Pfaller M.D.
Professor
Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine; and Co-Director, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of
Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa
Carl L. Pierson Ph.D.
Director
Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System; and, Assistant Professor, Department of
Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Michael Pins M.D.
Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
Michele D. Raible M.D., Pharm. D.
Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
Jayashree Ramasethu D.C.H., M.D., M.B.B.S.
Fellow
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
James H. Ray Ph.D.
Director
Cytogenetics, Quest Diagnostics, Inc., Teterboro, New Jersey
Barbara S. Reisner Ph.D.
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
Mary J. Reznicek M.D.
Pathologist
Greater Milwaukee Pathologists, Aurora Consolidated Laboratories, West Allis, Wisconsin
Alan Richter Ph.D.
GED Consulting
Roger S. Riley M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Pathology, Clinical Hematology, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
Virginia
Michael G. Rinaldi Ph.D.
Professor
Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center; and, Director, Veterans Affairs Reference Laboratory,
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, San Antonio, Texas
Jacquelyn R. Roberson M.D.
Medical Genetics Center, Clara Ford Pavilion, Detroit, Michigan
Marisa Saint Martin M.D.
Loyola University Medical School, Maywood, Illinois
Ramon L. Sandin M.D.
Clinical Pathologist; Medical Director, Clinical Microbiology and Virology Laboratories
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; and, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, University of South Florida,
College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
Michael A. Saubolle Ph.D., D.(A.B.M.M.)
Director
Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Sciences of Arizona, Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Clinical Associate
Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix/Tucson, Arizona
Morton K. Schwartz Ph.D.
Chairman
Clinical Laboratories, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; and, Professor, Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Sloan Kettering
Division, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York
Stuart Schwartz Ph.D.
Director
Center for Human Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Cleveland; and, Professor, Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio
David L. Sewell Ph.D.
Director
Microbiology Section, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center; and, Professor, Department of
Pathology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
James B. Smart Ph.D.
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Gary Stack M.D., Ph.D.
Assistant Director
Blood Bank, Yale/New Haven Hospital; and, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut
Peggy J. Stupca M.S.
QA Education Specialist
Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic; and Assistant Professor, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Medical School, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Deanna A. Sutton M.S., M.T., SM (ASCP), RM, SM (NRM)
Administrative Director
Fungus Testing Laboratory; and, Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,
San Antonio, Texas
Karl S. Theil M.D.
Associate Professor of Clinical Pathology
Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
John G. Toffaletti Ph.D.
Director of Blood Gas Services
Clinical Laboratories; and, Associate Professor, Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
Eleanor M. Travers M.D.
Potomac, Maryland
Douglas A. Triplett M.D., F.A.C.P., F.C.A.P.
Vice President
Medical Education, and Director, Midwest Hemostasis and Thrombosis Laboratories, Ball Memorial Hospital; and, Assistant Dean and
Professor, Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Muncie, Indiana
Daniel L. Van Dyke Ph.D.
Chairman
Medical Genetics, Henry Ford Hospital; and Professor, Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University/Henry Ford Health
Science Center, Detroit, Michigan
Patrick C. J. Ward M.D.
Professor and Head
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Minnesota, Duluth School of Medicine, Duluth, Minnesota
Jeffrey S. Warren M. D.
Warthin-Weller Endowed Professor
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School; and, Director, Division of Clinical Pathology, University of Michigan
Hospitals, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Anne Wiktor B.S.M.T.
Senior Technologist
Cytogenetics, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
David S. Wilkinson M.D., Ph.D.
Professor and Chair
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University; and, Chair, Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals,
Richmond, Virginia
Gail L. Woods M.D.
Clinical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas
Alan H. B. Wu
Director
Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; and Professor,
Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
William A. Wyatt B.A.
Assistant Supervisor
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Jane M. Yang M.D.
Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Chester M. Zmijewski Ph.D.
Emeritus Professor
Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania