Clinical Investigation of Portal Hypertension PDF
Preview Clinical Investigation of Portal Hypertension
Clinical Investigation of Portal Hypertension Katsutoshi Obara Editor 123 Clinical Investigation of Portal Hypertension Katsutoshi Obara Editor Clinical Investigation of Portal Hypertension Editor Katsutoshi Obara Department of Advanced Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan ISBN 978-981-10-7424-0 ISBN 978-981-10-7425-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7425-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018957628 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Portal Hypertension is a progressive complication due to chronic liver disease, and is responsible for the pathogenesis of most frequent and fatal complications of cir- rhosis such as variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Over the past two decades, research in the field of portal hypertension has pro- gressed dramatically and has contributed greatly to early diagnosis and optimal treatment of its complications. Particularly in Japan, clinicians working in the field have pioneered a variety of endoscopic techniques for treating esophagogastric vari- ces, some of which have since been largely accepted worldwide. This book is a comprehensive study of portal hypertension and its complications consisting of 61 chapters focusing in particular on gastrointestinal varices, portal vein thrombosis, refractory ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and aberrant portal hemodynamics, which have yet to be fully explored. Drawing on the results of research conducted in Japan, the book contains a wealth of information including detailed introductions to safe and effective procedures for preventing recurrence and bleeding of esophagogastric varices. The main goal of the book is to encourage readers around the world to seek out useful and essential information on both clinical practice and recent research in the field. The book targets a wide diversity of readers ranging from upper-level under- graduate and graduate students to postdoctoral fellows, faculty members and fully- fledged researchers. I am indebted to the following editors for contributing their experience and mak- ing their utmost efforts throughout the development of this book: Dr. Makoto Hashizume, Dr. Shozo Hirota, Dr. Masayoshi Kage, Dr. Norihiro Kokudo, Dr. Shoichi Matsutani, Dr. Naoya Murashima, Dr. Masayuki Ohta, Dr. Isao Sakaida, Dr. Norihiro Watanabe, and Dr. Hiroshi Yoshida (in alphabetical order). I would also like to thank the coauthors, all of whom are Japanese authorities on the board of counselors of the Japan Society for Portal Hypertension. On behalf of the coauthors, v vi Preface I wish to extend our collective thanks to the publisher Springer Japan, who kindly offered us the opportunity to publish this book as the Japanese Society for Portal Hypertension, And lastly, thanks to Kazuko Abe, my secretary, for her wholehearted support. Fukushima, Japan Katsutoshi Obara Contents Part I P athology of Portal Hypertension 1 Pathology of Liver Cirrhosis in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Makoto Ohbu 2 Pathological Findings for Esophageal Varices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Masahiro Arakawa and Masayosi Kage 3 Anatomy of the Spleen and Pathology of Hypersplenism . . . . . . . . . . 25 Masayoshi Kage, Reiichirou Kondou, and Toshirou Ogata 4 Pathology of Non-cirrhotic Liver Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Masayoshi Kage, Reiichirou Kondou, and Jun Akiba Part II C linical Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Portal Hypertension 5 Mechanism and Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension . . . . . . . . . 53 Atsushi Toyonaga 6 Mechanism and Pathophysiology of Bleeding from Esophagogastric Varices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Kazuhiko Oho 7 Endoscopic Diagnosis of Esophagogastric Varices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Seishu Hayashi 8 Diagnosis and Hemodynamics of Ectopic Varices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Norihito Watanabe, Seiichiro Kojima, and Shinji Takashimizu 9 The Role of Endoscopic Ultrasonography for Esophagogastric Varices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Atsushi Irisawa, Goro Shibukawa, Ai Sato, and Akane Yamabe 10 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Liver Cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Yasukiyo Sumino vii viii Contents 11 Liver and Spleen Stiffness Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Yoshihiro Furuichi and Fuminori Moriyasu 12 Portal Vein Hemodynamics: 3DCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Naoya Murashima and Satoshi Nakayama 13 Portal Vein Hemodynamics: MR Imaging and MR Angiography . . . 153 Satoshi Saitoh and Tatsuya Hatashi 14 Endoscopic Varicealography During Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy (EVIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Fumio Chikamori and Yasuhiro Takase 15 Angiographic Evaluation of Portal Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Shozo Hirota, Yasukazu Kako, and Kaoru Kobayashi 16 The Baveno IV Workshop: European Consensus Meeting on Portal Hypertension and Comparison with Japanese Guidelines . . . . . . . . . 185 Naoya Murashima Part III Complications of Portal Hypertension: Gastrointestinal Varices 17 Conservative Treatment: Pharmacological Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Hisashi Hidaka 18 Conservative Treatment: Balloon Tamponade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Masayuki Ohta, Masafumi Inomata, and Seigo Kitano 19 Conservative Treatment: Nutritional Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Ryujin Endo and Yasuhiro Takikawa 20 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Selection of Treatment Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Katsutoshi Obara 21 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Obara Method . . . . . 235 Katsutoshi Obara 22 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Kitano Method . . . . . 245 Masayuki Ohta, Masafumi Inomata, and Seigo Kitano 23 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Takase Method . . . . . 253 Fumio Chikamori and Yasuhiro Takase 24 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Suzuki Method . . . . . 257 Hiroaki Suzuki and Manabu Yamamoto 25 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Consolidation Method Following Ethanolamine Oleate-Aethoxysklerol Combination Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Katsutoshi Obara Contents ix 26 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Eradicative Endoscopic Variceal Ligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Shigeru Nakano and Yoshinori Igarashi 27 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Bimonthly Endoscopic Variceal Ligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Hiroshi Yoshida, Hiroshi Makino, Tadashi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Maruyama, Atsushi Hirakata, Junji Ueda, Hideyuki Takata, Yasuhiro Mamada, Nobuhiko Taniai, and Eiji Uchida 28 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Endoscopic Variceal Ligation Using a Multi-B and Ligator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Yoshiyuki Suzuki and Naoya Murashima 29 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Simultaneous Combination of Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy and Endoscopic Variceal Ligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Tomoharu Yoshida, Yasuyuki Shirai, Koji Aoyama, and Tatsuya Noguchi 30 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Combination of Endoscopic Variceal Ligation and Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Manabu Yamamoto and Hiroaki Suzuki 31 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Endoscopic Variceal Ligation Followed by Argon Plasma Coagulation . . . . . . . . 311 Shinichi Nakamura 32 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices: Simultaneous Combination of Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy and Endoscopic Variceal Ligation for Prevention of Recurrence . . . . 319 Fumio Chikamori 33 Choice of Therapy for Gastric Variceal Bleeding: Results from a Cohort Study in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Naoya Murashima 34 Endoscopic Treatment of Gastric Varices: Histoacryl Method . . . . . 339 Hiroaki Iwase 35 Endoscopic Treatment of Gastric Varices: α-Cyanoacrylate Monomer Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Katsutoshi Obara 36 Endoscopic Treatment of Gastric Varices: Indwelling Snare Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Tomoharu Yoshida, Yasuyuki Shirai, Koji Aoyama, and Syunnsuke Itoh x Contents 37 Hemodynamics and Treatment of Ectopic Varices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Katsutoshi Obara 38 Interventional Radiology: Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Shozo Hirota, Kaoru Kobayashi, and Koichiro Yamakado 39 Interventional Radiology: Transjugular Retrograde Obliteration . . 395 Fumio Chikamori 40 Interventional Radiology: Percutaneous Transhepatic Obliteration and Transileocolic Obliteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Hiroshi Yoshida, Hiroshi Makino, Tadashi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Maruyama, Atsushi Hirakata, Junji Ueda, Hideyuki Takata, Yasuhiro Mamada, Nobuhiko Taniai, and Eiji Uchida 41 Interventional Radiology: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Shozo Hirota 42 Interventional Radiology: Partial Splenic Embolization . . . . . . . . . . 417 Nobuhiko Taniai, Hiroshi Yoshida, and Eiigi Uchida 43 Surgical Treatment: Sugiura Procedure and Hassab’s Operation . . . 429 Tsuyoshi Kurokawa, Takashi Arikawa, Tsuyoshi Sano, and Toshiaki Nonami 44 Surgical Treatment: Selective Shunt Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Hiroshi Yoshida, Hiroshi Makino, Tadashi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Maruyama, Atsushi Hirakata, Junji Ueda, Hideyuki Takata, Yasuhiro Mamada, Nobuhiko Taniai, and Eiji Uchida 45 Surgical Treatment: Laparoscopic Splenectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Makoto Hashizume and Tomohiko Akahoshi Part IV C omplications of Portal Hypertension: Portal Hypertensive Gastroenteropathy 46 Diagnosis and Endoscopic Classification of Portal Hypertensive Gastroenteropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Kazuhiko Oho 47 Treatment of Portal Hypertensive Gastroenteropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Kazuhiko Oho Part V Complications of Portal Hypertension: Portal Vein Thrombosis 48 Diagnosis of Portal Vein Thrombosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Shigehiro Kokubu 49 Treatment of the Portal Vein Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Shigehiro Kokubu
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