Clinical Anatomy: Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors

491 Pages·2018·33.27 MB·English

by  Harold Ellis

Clinical Anatomy
To my wife, Wendy, and my late parents
H. E.
To my wife, Neila, and my late parents
V. M.

This edition first published 2019 © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History
Harold Ellis (1960, 1962, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1977, 1977, 1983, 1992, 1992, 2002, 2006); Harold Ellis and Vishy Mahadevan
(2010); John Wiley & Sons Ltd (2013).
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ISBN 9781119325536
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface to the Fourteenth Edition, xiii
Preface to the First Edition, xv
Acknowledgements to the Fourteenth Edition, xvii
Acknowledgements to the First Edition, xix
About the Companion Website, xx
Part 1: The Thorax
Introduction, 3
Surface anatomy and surface markings, 3
The trachea, 4
The pleura, 4
The lungs, 6
The heart, 6
The thoracic cage, 7
The thoracic vertebrae, 7
The ribs, 8
The costal cartilages, 11
The sternum, 11
The intercostal spaces, 12
The diaphragm, 14
The pleurae, 20
The lower respiratory tract, 20
The trachea, 20
The bronchi, 25
The lungs, 25
The mediastinum, 30
The pericardium, 30
The heart, 31
The superior mediastinum, 46
The thymus, 46
The oesophagus, 46
The thoracic duct, 50
The thoracic sympathetic trunk, 52
On the examination of a chest radiograph, 54
Radiographic appearance of the heart, 55
vi Contents
Part 2: The Abdomen and Pelvis
Surface anatomy and surface markings, 59
Vertebral levels, 59
Surface markings of individual viscera, 61
The fasciae and muscles of the abdominal wall, 62
Fasciae of the abdominal wall, 62
The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, 63
The anatomy of abdominal incisions, 65
The inguinal canal, 67
Peritoneal cavity, 70
Intraperitoneal fossae, 73
The subphrenic spaces, 73
The gastrointestinal tract, 75
The stomach, 75
The duodenum, 80
Small intestine, 82
Large intestine, 83
The appendix, 84
The rectum, 86
Arterial supply of the intestine, 90
The portal system of veins, 91
Lymphatic drainage of the intestine, 93
The structure of the alimentary canal, 93
The development of the intestine and its congenital abnormalities, 94
The gastrointestinal adnexae: liver, gall bladder and its ducts,
pancreas and spleen, 97
The liver, 97
The biliary system, 102
The gall bladder, 103
The pancreas, 106
The spleen, 108
The urinary tract, 110
The kidneys, 110
The ureter, 113
The embryology and congenital abnormalities of the kidney and ureter, 115
The bladder, 117
The urethra, 119
The male genital organs, 121
The prostate, 121
The scrotum, 124
Contents vii
Testis and epididymis, 124
Vas deferens (ductus deferens), 129
The seminal vesicles, 129
The bony and ligamentous pelvis, 129
The os innominatum, 129
The sacrum, 130
The coccyx, 131
The functions of the pelvis, 132
Joints and ligamentous connections of the pelvis, 132
Differences between the male and female pelvis, 133
Obstetrical pelvic measurements, 134
Variations of the pelvic shape, 135
Sacral (caudal) anaesthesia, 137
The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum, 138
The anterior (urogenital) perineum, 139
The posterior (anal) perineum, 141
The female genital organs, 142
The vulva, 142
The vagina, 143
The uterus, 144
The fallopian tubes, 149
The ovary, 150
The endopelvic fascia and the pelvic ligaments, 152
Vaginal examination, 153
Embryology of the fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, 154
The posterior abdominal wall, 155
The suprarenal glands, 157
Abdominal aorta, 157
Inferior vena cava, 159
Lumbar sympathetic chain, 160
Computed axial tomography, 161
Part 3: The Upper Limb
Surface anatomy and surface markings of the 
upper limb, 165
Bones and joints, 165
Muscles and tendons, 166
Vessels, 166
Nerves, 168
viii Contents
The bones and joints of the upper limb, 170
The scapula, 170
The clavicle, 170
The humerus, 172
The radius and ulna, 174
The bones of the hand, 176
The shoulder joint, 178
The elbow joint, 183
The wrist joint, 185
The joints of the hand, 186
Three important zones of the upper limb: the axilla,
the  cubital fossa and the carpal tunnel, 189
The axilla, 189
The cubital fossa, 190
The carpal tunnel, 191
The arteries of the upper limb, 192
The axillary artery, 192
The brachial artery, 192
The radial artery, 193
The ulnar artery, 193
The brachial plexus, 193
The segmental cutaneous supply of the upper limb, 197
The course and distribution of the principal
nerves of the upper limb, 197
The axillary nerve, 197
The radial nerve, 197
The musculocutaneous nerve, 199
The ulnar nerve, 199
The median nerve, 201
Compartments of the upper limb, 201
Compartments in the segments of the upper limb, 202
Compartment syndrome, 202
The female breast, 202
Structure, 203
Blood supply, 203
Lymphatic drainage, 203
Development, 205
The anatomy of upper limb deformities, 206
The spaces of the hand, 210
The superficial pulp space of the fingers, 210
The ulnar and radial bursae and the synovial tendon sheaths of the fingers, 211