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Climatology for airline pilots PDF

298 Pages·2001·14.74 MB·English
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Climatology for Airline Pilots H.R. Quantick FRAeS, FRMetS b Blackwell Science Climatology for Airline Pilots Books on the JAR syllabus Ground Studies for Pilots Climatology for Airline Pilots Radio Aids Roy Quantick Sixth Edition 0-632-05295-3 Roy Underdown & David Cockburn 0-632-05573-1 Human Performance and Limitations in Aviation Ground Studies for Pilots Second Edition Navigation R.D. Campbell & M. Bagshaw Sixth Edition 0-632-04986-3 Roy Underdown & Tony Palmer 0-632-05333-X Aircraft Performance Theory for Pilots P.J. Swatton Ground Studies for Pilots 0-632-05569-3 Plotting and Flight Planning Sixth Edition Aviation Law for Pilots Roy Underdown & Anthony Stevens Tenth Edition 0-632-05939-7 Roy Underdown & Tony Palmer 0-632-05335-6 Ground Studies for Pilots Meteorology Third Edition Roy Underdown & Anthony Stevens 0-632-03751-2 Climatology for Airline Pilots H.R. Quantick FRAeS, FRMetS b Blackwell Science 0 2001 by DISTRIBUTORS Blackwell Science Ltd Marston Book Services Ltd Editorial Offices: PO Box 269 Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL Abingdon 25 John Street, London WClN 2BS Oxon OX14 4YN 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ (Orders; Tel: 01235 465500 350 Main Street, Malden Fax: 01235 465555) MA 02148 5018, USA 54 University Street, Carlton USA Victoria 3053, Australia Blackwell Science, Inc. 10, rue Casimir Delavigne Commerce Place 75006 Paris, France 350 Main Street Malden, MA 02148 5018 Other Editorial Offices: (Orders; Tel: 800 759 6102 781 388 8250 Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH Fax: 781 388 8255) Kurfiirstendamm 57 10707 Berlin, Germany Canada Login Brothers Book Company Blackwell Science KK 324 Saulteaux Crescent MG Kodenmacho Building Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3T2 7-10 Kodenmacho Nihombashi (Orders: Tel: 204 837-2987 Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan Fax: 204 837-3116) Iowa State University Press Australia A Blackwell Science Company Blackwell Science Pty Ltd 2121 S. State Avenue 54 University Street Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA Carlton, Victoria 3053 (Orders: Tel: 3 9347 0300 The right of the Author to be identified as the Author Fax: 3 9347 5001) of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be ISBN 0-632-05295-3 reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Library of Congress photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as Cataloging-in-Publication Data permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents is available Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First Edition publishes 2001 For further information on Blackwell Science, visit our website: Set in 10/13pt Times www. blackwell-science.com byDP Photosetting, Aylesbury, Bucks Printed and bound in Great Britain at the Alden Press Ltd, Oxford and Northampton The Blackwell Science logo is a trade mark of Blackwell Science Ltd, registered at the United Kingdom Trade Marks Registry Contents Preface X Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 Part 1: Global Weather 1 Global Air Circulation 7 1.1 Idealised circulation 7 2 The Global Overview - Notes 16 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Atmospheric heat exchange processes 18 2.3 Long waves (Rossby waves) 20 2.4 Ocean currents 26 2.5 Arid climates 28 2.6 Deserts 29 2.7 ‘Trade w inds’ and ‘trade-wind inversions’ 30 , 2.8 Thunderstorms 34 2.9 Polar lows 36 2.10 Temperate maritime climates 39 References 40 3 Upper Winds and Jet Streams 41 3.1 Upper winds 41 3.2 Jet streams 48 References 57 4 Easterly Waves 58 4.1 Wave disturbances 58 Reference 60 5 The Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 61 5.1 Introduction 61 V vi Contents 6 Tropical Storms 67 6.1 Classification of tropical cyclones 76 References 78 7 Upper Air Temperature and Tropospheric Heights 79 7.1 Height of the 0°C isotherm 79 7.2 Height of the -40°C isotherm 79 7.3 Height of the tropopause 81 8 Polar Climates 83 8.1 Inversions 83 8.2 Surface temperatures 84 8.3 Flying conditions, North polar region 85 References 87 9 The Climatic Zones 88 9.1 Equatorial zone (wet equatorial climate) 89 9.2 Savannah zone (trade wind littoral climate) 89 9.3 Arid subtropical zone (tropical desert and steppe climate) 89 9.4 Warm temperate (transitional) zone (Mediterranean climate) 90 9.5 Cool temperate zone (middle latitude climate) 90 9.6 Boreal zone (mid-latitude steppe climate) 90 9.7 Polar (tundra climate) 91 9.8 Polar zones (perpetual frost) 91 Part 2: Route and Area Climatology 10 Introduction and the North Atlantic 95 10.1 Introduction 95 10.2 Route climatology in the North Atlantic 95 11 Weather in the Arctic (North of 66"N) 100 11.1 Ice 100 11 .2 Pressure distribution 100 11.3 Temperature 101 1 1.4 Precipitation 102 11.5 Cloud 102 11.6 Fog 102 11 .7 Ice accretion/freezing levels 103 11.8 Aurora Borealis 103 12 Weather in the Arctic Regions of Norway (Coastal Area) 105 12.1 Effect of different air masses 105 Contents vii 13 Weather in Europe 108 13.1 Central Europe 108 13.2 Eastern Europe 108 14 Weather in the Mediterranean 114 14.1 Arctic and polar continental air (A, Pc) 117 14.2 Polar maritime air (Pm) 118 14.3 Tropical continental air (Tc) 118 14.4 Tropical maritime air (Tm) 118 14.5 Mediterranean air 119 14.6 Special phenomena 119 14.7 Khamsin or Ghibli depressions 125 14.8 Sandstorms, dust storms and rising sand 126 14.9 Summary of local winds in the Mediterranean 127 15 Weather in Africa 131 15.1 Movement of the ITCZ 132 15.2 The North-African coast to the Red Sea. 133 15.3 Khartoum to tropical East Africa 137 15.4 Tropical E Africa to South Africa 139 15.5 Low-level jet stream: from (Findlater 1969) 140 15.6 West Africa 142 References 149 16 Weather in the Middle East 150 16.1 Flying weather 150 16.2 Pressur e systems 150 16.3 Upper winds 156 17 Weather - Arabian Gulf to Singapore 157 17.1 Tropical depressions and cyclones 160 17.2 Climate of Malaysia 162 17.3 Summary 163 18 Weather - Singapore to Japan 166 18.1 November to March 166 18.2 April to August 169 18.3 September to mid-October 170 18.4 Typhoons 171 18.5 Summary 172 19 Weather - Singapore to Australia 174 19.1 Movement of the ITCZ 175 19.2 Other convergence zones 177 viii Contents 19.3 Thunderstorm patterns and land/sea breezes 179 19.4 Flying weather 180 20 Weather in the South-west Pacific Region 183 20.1 The summer weather systems 183 20.2 The winter weather systems 185 20.3 The spring and autumn weather systems 187 References 191 21 Weather in Australia 192 21.1 Air masses affecting Australia 193 21.2 North Australia 194 21.3 South Australia 195 21.4 Summary 199 22 Weather in New Zealand 201 22.1 The climatic situation 20 1 22.2 North Auckland 202 22.3 The Kaikoura coast including Christchurch 203 22.4 Summary 204 23 Weather in the Pacific 205 23.1 Surface pressure systems and general weather 205 23.2 The main pressure systems 205 23.3 Summary 209 24 Weather in North America 210 24.1 Main p ressure systems 210 24.2 The importance of North American tornadoes 22 1 25 Weather in the Caribbean 223 25.1 Hurricanes 223 25.2 Seasons 224 25.3 Trade-winds 226 26 Weather in South America and the South Atlantic 221 26.1 Air masses of South America 233 26.2 General weather summary 240 27 Route Weather: Dakar to Recife 241 27.1 The Equatorial climatic zone route 247 28 El Niiio anad La Niiia 249 28.1 The cause 249

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Climatology - particularly the study of difficult and demanding weather conditions - is of major importance to pilots now that aeroplanes fly over previously unavailable routes such as the North Pole and take direct routes over very large oceans.Existing books on climatology address physical, biolog
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