Table Of Content

CLIMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE Climatic and Environmental Threats to Cultural Heritage examines the challenges that environmental change, both sudden and long-term, poses to the preservation of cultural material. Acknowledging the diversity of human cultural heritage across collecting institutions, heritage sites and communities, the book highlights how, in Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, the quest to preserve such precious knowledge relies on records and narratives being available to inform decisions now and into the future. Bringing together a diverse range of stakeholders who have an interest in – and responsibility for – the care of cultural heritage material and places of cultural heritage value, the book explores their thinking on and actions in relation to issues of climate change and environmental risk. Sloggett and Scott highlight the stakeholders’ shared interest in drawing on their expertise to meet the challenges that environmental change brings to the future of our cultural heritage and our cultural identity. Based on the understanding that this global challenge requires local, national and international co‐operation, the book also considers how local knowledge can have international application. Climatic and Environmental Threats to Cultural Heritage will be of interest to those engaged in the study of heritage, conservation, archaeology, archives, anthropology, climate change and the environment. It will also be useful to practitioners and others attempting to understand the effect of environmental change on cultural heritage around the globe. Robyn Sloggett is an internationally recognised expert in Cultural Materials Conservation. She holds the Cripps Foundations Chair of Cultural Materials Conservation and is the Director of the Grimwade Centre for Cultural Materials Conservation. She has qualifications in Art History, Philosophy and Cultural Materials Conservation. Her work has been recognised by a number of national awards including as a Member of the Order of Australia. In 2021, she was awarded the Marles Medal from the University of Melbourne, which re- cognises excellence in research impact and was awarded for ‘interdisciplinary, cross-cultural research in arts conservation and the significant impact it has had on the communities with who she has collaborated’. Dr Marcelle Scott is a Research Fellow at the University of Melbourne’s Grimwade Centre for the Conservation of Cultural Material where her research focuses on conservation theory, ethics and pedagogy. She draws on her extensive industry experience to research, develop and deliver interdisciplinary and people- led models of cultural materials conservation. Her current research focuses on work-integrated learning and community-based conservation partnerships and programs. She is a recipient of the AICCM Medal, Professional Member of the AICCM and a fellow of the International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC). CLIMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE Robyn Sloggett and Marcelle Scott Cover image: Sarah McConnell, Mt Ruark 2018. Etching, aquatint, sugarlift. 36 × 26 cm. © The Artist First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Robyn Sloggett and Marcelle Scott The right of Robyn Sloggett and Marcelle Scott to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-367-75638-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-75636-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-16331-2 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003163312 Typeset in Bembo by MPS Limited, Dehradun CONTENTS List of Figures viii Acknowledgements ix Preface x Introduction 1 Robyn Sloggett and Marcelle Scott 1 The story of climate change: narratives as influencers 10 Robyn Sloggett and Marcelle Scott Heritage, loss and resilience 11 Telling stories 15 Narrative frameworks and story-telling 17 A model for narrative enquiry 21 2 Finding unexpected data from the historical record 27 Marcelle Scott and Robyn Sloggett Archives, place and memory 27 Indigenous cultural records and climate change 32 Using cultural heritage to identify risk 34 Working towards a model of climate crisis conservation 36 3 My Country is changing: Indigenous perspectives on climate change 42 Robyn Sloggett, Marcelle Scott, and Gabriel Nodea vi Contents On Gija land 45 Climate change in context 47 Two-way learning 49 The language barrier 51 Principle for Indigenous-led climate change research 53 4 Climate change and rock art: a valuable resource at risk 60 Marcelle Scott and Robyn Sloggett Rock art: the oldest form of documentary heritage 60 Rock art: heritage for the future 62 The effects of climate change on rock art 64 Managing rock art at risk 66 Rising sea levels 67 Increased wildfire activity and severity 68 Microorganisms and algae 70 Principles and practices for rock art preservation 70 5 Oral histories of natural disasters in Timor-Leste 79 Sara Soares and Robyn Sloggett Natural hazard and climate change risk in Timor-Leste 81 Local knowledge in DRM and CCA 83 Researching memories and oral traditions relating to natural hazards in Timor-Leste 84 East Timorese diaspora in Australia 84 Interviews with East Timorese diaspora in Australia 86 Floods 86 Earthquakes and tsunamis 87 Valuing oral heritage as social capital 92 Acknowledgements 93 6 Changed responses to the changing threat of climate-induced fire and drought 99 Marcelle Scott and Robyn Sloggett Australian bushfires in the summer of 2009 100 Collections, museums and bushfires 102 Responding to the 2019 Australian bushfires 103 Indigenous knowledge and Indigenous site management 105 Communicating the climate change crisis 109 Contents vii 7 The local in the global: community impact and responses 118 Robyn Sloggett and Marcelle Scott Small community collecting organisations 119 Indigenous art centres 119 Small historic societies and community organisations 120 Built heritage 122 The Philippines: Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda of 2013 122 Cultural practices 126 The Pacific drought: 2015–2017 126 Sustainability, resilience, adaptation and transformation 128 Building strong community engagement 130 8 Issues for institutions: the imperative for heritage organisations to lead the way 137 Robyn Sloggett and Marcelle Scott The museum environment: changing roles and responsibilities 138 Public positioning 140 Surveying the sector 143 Public positions 144 Actions and activities 145 Policy and strategic frameworks 146 Key messages 148 Activating cultural heritage organisations in the fight against the climate crisis 149 Activating organisations in the fight against the climate crisis 152 9 Conservation education and climate change: what would a resilience-based conservation curriculum look like? 158 Marcelle Scott and Robyn Sloggett Student-informed approaches 159 Developing a climate crisis responsive curriculum 161 Graduate attributes 163 Conservation educators 164 Investing in climate change pedagogy 167 Epilogue 172 Index 175 FIGURES 1.1 The Burra Charter Process: flow chart from the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 2013, p. 10. © Australia ICOMOS Incorporated 2017 14 1.2 “Understanding the Context”: © ICCROM and Government of Canada, Canadian Conservation Institute 15 1.3 Flowchart of narrative enquiry for heritage preservation 22 2.1 The sea-level benchmark carved in 1841 on the Isle of the Dead, Tasmania. Photo by Bruce Miller/Alamy 30 3.1 Shirley Purdie Goonjal (bush yam tree), 2018, 45 × 45 cm © The Artist 47 4.1 Image of the Sulawesi Warty Pig cave art. Photo by Maxime Aubert 61 4.2 Anaiwan Elder Steven Ahoy and Anaiwan Traditional Owner Callum Clayton-Dixon inspect fire damage to a rock art site on the New England Tablelands. Photo by Mark Moore 69 6.1 Climate Council social media graphic ‘How does climate change affect bushfires?’ 111 6.2 Climate Council social media graphic ‘How does climate change affect flood risk?’ 111 7.1 San Pedro Apostol Parish Church in Loboc, Bohol. Clocktower before the 2013 earthquake 123 7.2 San Pedro Apostol Parish Church in Loboc, Bohol. Clocktower after the 2013 earthquake 124 7.3 Loboc Church façade before and after the 2013 earthquake 125 7.4 Loboc Church façade before and after the 2013 earthquake 125 8.1 The risk management cycle. © Government of Canada, Canadian Conservation Institute 149 8.2 The five Rs principle of waste management 151 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are indebted to the many people who supported and contributed to this book. To Hannah Stewart, a wonderful writer in her own right, who for this book extended her role of Research Assistant to one of friend and colleague, who found the hard to find references and filed them in such a sensible way that even we could find them again, who gently pointed out and corrected errors and ensured we had everything we needed when it was time to submit the final manuscript, thank you. To the wonderful editors and staff at Routledge, especially Commissioning Editor Heidi Lowther for the initial invitation to write this book, her enthusiasm for the topic, helpful and considered insights, and gentle nudges along the journey, immense thanks. Thanks also to Emmie Shand, Kangan Gupta, and Manus Roy for steering and supporting the project with patience and good counsel. Thank you particularly to Sumit Kumar who rigorously checked each word to ensure that the final both made sense and was properly presented. This book is about the lived experience of so many people who are working to preserve their heritage in face of escalating challenges wrought by climate change. We are extremely grateful to all those who took the time to respond to our surveys, their thoughtful, informed, and carefully considered insights shaped the way we thought, and wrote, about the topics covered in this book. We appreciate permission to use the images from Australia ICOMOS; ICCROM and the Canadian Conservation Institute; Shirley Purdie, Warmun Art Centre; Maxime Aubert, Griffith University; Mark Moore and Steven Ahoy, University of New England; The Climate Council; and Bruce Miller, which added rich detail to the story we could tell.