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Climate Smart Agriculture : Building Resilience to Climate Change PDF

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Natural Resource Management and Policy Series Editors: David Zilberman · Renan Goetz · Alberto Garrido Leslie Lipper Nancy McCarthy David Zilberman Solomon Asfaw Giacomo Branca Editors Climate Smart Agriculture Building Resilience to Climate Change Natural Resource Management and Policy Volume 52 Series Editors David Zilberman, California, CA, USA Renan Goetz, Girona, Spain Alberto Garrido, Madrid, Spain There is a growing awareness to the role that natural resources, such as water, land, forests and environmental amenities, play in our lives. There are many competing uses for natural resources, and society is challenged to manage them for improving social well-being. Furthermore, there may be dire consequences to natural resources mismanagement. Renewable resources, such as water, land and the environment are linked, and decisions made with regard to one may affect the others. Policy and management of natural resources now require interdisciplinary approaches including natural and social sciences to correctly address our society preferences. This series provides a collection of works containing most recent findings on economics, management and policy of renewable biological resources, such as water, land, crop protection, sustainable agriculture, technology, and environmental health. It incorporates modern thinking and techniques of economics and management. Books in this series will incorporate knowledge and models of natural phenomena with economics and managerial decision frameworks to assess alternative options for managing natural resources and environment. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6360 Leslie Lipper • Nancy McCarthy David Zilberman • Solomon Asfaw Giacomo Branca Editors Climate Smart Agriculture Building Resilience to Climate Change Editors Leslie Lipper Nancy McCarthy ISPC-CGIAR Lead Analytics Inc. Roma, Italy Washington, DC, USA David Zilberman Solomon Asfaw Department of Agriculture and Resource FAO of the UN Economics Roma, Italy University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA Giacomo Branca Department of Economics University of Tuscia Viterbo, Italy ISSN 0929-127X ISSN 2511-8560 (electronic) Natural Resource Management and Policy ISBN 978-3-319-61193-8 ISBN 978-3-319-61194-5 (eBook) ISBN 978-92-5-109966-7 (FAO) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61194-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017953417 © FAO 2018 Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/), which permits any noncommercial use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon this book or a part thereof, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. Any dispute related to the use of the works of FAO that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of FAO’s name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of FAO’s logo, shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between FAO and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license. Note that the link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the work’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in the work’s Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce the material. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword Eradicating poverty, ending hunger, and taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts are three objectives the global community has committed to achieving by 2030 by adopting the sustainable development goals. Agriculture, and the way we manage it in the years leading up to 2030, will be a key determinant of whether or not these objectives are met. Agriculture has been, and can be further, used as an important instrument in eradicating hunger, poverty, and all forms of malnutrition. Climate change however is expected to act as an effective barrier to agricultural growth in many regions, especially in developing country contexts heavily dependent on rain-fed agriculture. Climate change impacts agriculture through a number of pathways. According to the 2013 IPCC report, all four dimensions of food security are potentially affected by climate change through their effects on agricultural production and the incomes of rural households, food prices and markets, and in many other parts of the food system (e.g., storage, food quality, and safety) (IPCC WGII AR5 Ch 7). Reducing the vulnerability of agricultural systems to climate change – including the increased incidence of extreme weather events – and strengthening its adaptive capacity are therefore important priorities to protect and improve the livelihoods of the poor and allow agriculture to fully play its role in ensuring food security. Reducing emissions that contribute to global warming is crucial to securing global wellbeing, and the agricultural sector has considerable potential for emissions reductions while at the same time playing its important role in poverty reduction and food security. In short, agriculture lies at the nexus of resolving urgent global priorities. FAO is actively working to support countries in grappling with the challenge of managing agriculture to reduce hunger and poverty in an increasingly climate- constrained world. FAO launched the concept of climate smart agriculture (CSA) in 2009 to draw attention to linkages between achieving food security and combating climate change through agricultural development, and the opportunities for attain- ing large synergies in doing so. In practice, the CSA approach involves integrating the need for adaptation and the potential for mitigation into the planning and imple- mentation of agricultural policies, planning, and investments. The point of depar- ture for the CSA approach is the emphasis on food security and poverty reduction v vi Foreword as the priority in developing countries through enhanced capacity of their agri-food sectors and institutional and technological innovations. This capacity cannot be attained without adaptation to changing conditions. At the same time, reducing the emissions associated with conventional agricultural growth models is one of the largest and most cost-effective means of reducing GHG emissions, and thus the CSA approach integrates the potential for obtaining mitigation co-benefits from agricultural growth strategies. The CSA concept has gained considerable traction at the international and national levels; however, there is still a fair amount of confusion regarding the con- cept and its theoretical underpinning. In addition, the empirical evidence base to support country implementation strategies is lacking. In particular, there is a need for defining and operationalizing the concept of resilience and adaptive capacity in the context of agricultural growth for food security. For these reasons, the Economic and Social Development Department of FAO has supported the development of this book, which represents a significant step forward in shedding light to the issues raised above. This volume brings together research, analysis, and opinions of lead- ing agricultural and resource economists and policy experts to develop the concep- tual, empirical, and policy basis for a better understanding of CSA and enhanced potential for achieving it on the ground. The first section of this book provides conceptual frameworks as well as method- ological approaches for operationalizing CSA at the country level. Its main focus is comparing and contrasting the conceptual approaches to risk management and resil- ience used in the agricultural development context with that used in the context of climate change and proposing a consistent approach. It also provides an overview of the development of the CSA concept, the controversies it has sparked, and how they relate to the broader debate of sustainable development. The second section consists of 19 case study chapters focusing on issues of vul- nerability measurement and assessment, as well as ways of improving the adaptive capacity at farm and system level and what could be some of the policy responses to achieve them. These empirical studies showcase a wide range of options (policy instruments) that contribute to building resilience to climate risk. They include pol- icy instruments aimed at changing agricultural practices but also policy instruments in other sectors. Examples include social protection, micro-finance, input subsidies, micro-insurance, and agricultural knowledge and information systems. The case studies cover a wide geographic range and scale, from Asia to Africa and the USA and from households to markets and institutions and the national and global econ- omy. They draw upon the CSA project work of FAO, as well as that of other agen- cies applying the CSA approach. The breadth of the case studies provides a basis for lessons learned in which contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of policy options to improve the resilience of livelihoods of the rural poor to climate change. They indicate that we do have considerable tools available to measure, reduce, and effectively react to climate change–related vulnerability in the agricul- tural sector, and that it is essential to utilize these instruments in seeking to improve the agriculture sector’s capacity to support hunger, poverty eradication, and sustain- able development. Foreword vii The third and final section of this book presents the results of a consultation with a panel of leading thinkers and practitioners on agricultural and climate change policy. This section is comprised of the responses of these experts to a set of ques- tions based on the main findings, conclusions, insights, and questions that emerged from the set of case studies and conceptual papers. Their varied responses to the issues provide considerable insights into the different approaches and policy priori- ties for CSA across varying contexts, as well as practical ideas on how to operation- alize them. The FAO is committed to providing support to agricultural and climate change policy-makers and the agricultural producers they serve in their ongoing efforts to end hunger and poverty and effectively combat climate change effects now and in the future. This book offers tools and insights for a range of stakeholders to help meet these challenges in the many forms they are manifested. Rome, Italy Kostas Stamoulis Acknowledgments This book is the outcome of a cooperation between Economic and Policy Innovation of Climate-Smart Agriculture (EPIC) team of FAO, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics of University of California (Berkeley) and the Department of Economics and Business (DEIM) of Tuscia University (Viterbo, Italy). We express sincere gratitude to Professors Alessandro Mechelli and Alessandro Sorrentino (Departmental Faculty) for their continuous support. This publication would not have been possible without the administrative and organizational help of Laura Gori, Cristina Mastrogregori, and Giuseppe Rapiti (Departmental Staff). We would also like to thank the Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI) which hosted the Book Authors’ Workshop “Climate Smart Agriculture: Building Resilience to Climate Change” held in Palazzo Clerici, Milan (Italy) on August 6, 2015. We would also like to sincerely thank FAO-HQ staff particularly Jessica Mathewson, Liliana Maldonado, Paola DiSanto, and Alessandro Spairani for their administrative and organizational support throughout the whole publication pro- cess. We finally would like to acknowledge the financial support of FAO. ix Contents Part I Overview and Conceptual Framework Introduction and Overview ........................................................................... 3 Solomon Asfaw and Giacomo Branca A Short History of the Evolution of the Climate Smart Agriculture Approach and Its Links to Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture Debates ........................................................... 13 Leslie Lipper and David Zilberman Economics of Climate Smart Agriculture: An Overview ........................... 31 Nancy McCarthy, Leslie Lipper, and David Zilberman Innovation in Response to Climate Change ................................................. 49 David Zilberman, Leslie Lipper, Nancy McCarthy, and Ben Gordon Part II Case Studies: Vulnerability Measurements and Assessment Use of Satellite Information on Wetness and Temperature for Crop Yield Prediction and River Resource Planning ........................... 77 Alan Basist, Ariel Dinar, Brian Blankespoor, David Bachiochi, and Harold Houba Early Warning Techniques for Local Climate Resilience: Smallholder Rice in Lao PDR ....................................................................... 105 Drew Behnke, Sam Heft-Neal, and David Roland-Holst Farmers’ Perceptions of and Adaptations to Climate Change in Southeast Asia: The Case Study from Thailand and Vietnam .............. 137 Hermann Waibel, Thi Hoa Pahlisch, and Marc Völker U.S. Maize Yield Growth and Countervailing Climate Change Impacts .............................................................................................. 161 Ariel Ortiz-Bobea xi

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