Climate Resilient Urban Areas: Governance, Design and Development in Coastal Delta Cities

225 Pages·2021·7.563 MB·English

by  Rutger de Graaf-van Dinther

PALGRAVE STUDIES IN CLIMATE RESILIENT SOCIETIES
SERIES EDITOR: ROBERT C. BREARS
Climate Resilient
Urban Areas
Governance, design and
development in coastal delta cities
Edited by
Rutger de Graaf-van Dinther
Palgrave Studies in Climate Resilient Societies
Series Editor
Robert C. Brears
Avonhead, Canterbury, New Zealand
The Palgrave Studies in Climate Resilient Societies series provides readers
with an understanding of what the terms resilience and climate resilient
societies mean; the best practices and lessons learnt from various govern-
ments, in both non-OECD and OECD countries, implementing climate
resilience policies (in other words what is ‘desirable’ or ‘undesirable’ when
building climate resilient societies); an understanding of what a resilient
society potentially looks like; knowledge of when resilience building
requires slow transitions or rapid transformations; and knowledge on how
governments can create coherent, forward-looking and flexible policy
innovations to build climate resilient societies that: support the conserva-
tion of ecosystems; promote the sustainable use of natural resources;
encourage sustainable practices and management systems; develop resil-
ient and inclusive communities; ensure economic growth; and protect
health and livelihoods from climatic extremes.
More information about this series at
http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15853
Rutger de Graaf-van Dinther
Editor
Climate Resilient
Urban Areas
Governance, Design and Development in Coastal
Delta Cities
Editor
Rutger de Graaf-van Dinther
Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
ISSN 2523-8124 ISSN 2523-8132 (electronic)
Palgrave Studies in Climate Resilient Societies
ISBN 978-3-030-57536-6 ISBN 978-3-030-57537-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57537-3
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
C
ontents
1 The Five Pillars of Climate Resilience 1
Rutger de Graaf-van Dinther and Henk Ovink
2 Integration of Water Management and Urban Design for
Climate Resilient Cities 21
Nanco Dolman
3 Climate Resilient Urban Retrofit at Street Level 45
Jeroen Kluck and Floris Boogaard
4 Flood Resilience of Critical Buildings: Assessment
Methods and Tools 67
Manuela Escarameia and Andrew Tagg
5 Recovery Capacity: To Build Back Better 85
Frans H. M. van de Ven, Fransje Hooimeijer, and Piet Storm
6 Removing Challenges for Building Resilience with
Support of the Circular Economy 109
Jeroen Rijke, Liliane Geerling, Nguyen Hong Quan, and
Nguyen Hieu Trung
v
vi CONTENTS
7 Climate Resilience in Urban Informal Settlements:
Towards a Transformative Upgrading Agenda 129
Matthew French, Alexei Trundle, Inga Korte, and
Camari Koto
8 A Transformative Process for Urban Climate Resilience:
The Case of Water as Leverage Resilient Cities Asia in
Semarang, Indonesia 155
Naim Laeni, Henk Ovink, Tim Busscher,
Wiwandari Handayani, and Margo van den Brink
9 Making the Transition: Transformative Governance
Capacities for a Resilient Rotterdam 175
Arnoud Molenaar, Katharina Hölscher, Derk Loorbach, and
Johan Verlinde
10 Future Outlook: Emerging Trends and Key Ingredients
for the Transition to Resilient Delta Cities 191
Rutger de Graaf-van Dinther
Index 207
L f
ist of igures
Fig. 1.1 Flood impact affecting daily life in Semarang, Indonesia. ((c)
Cynthia van Elk | Water as Leverage) 3
Fig. 1.2 Climate-related disasters disproportionally affect people living
in informal settlements. ((c) Cynthia van Elk | Water as Leverage) 5
Fig. 1.3 Transformative capacity requires an inclusive process based on
trust. ((c) Cynthia van Elk | Water as Leverage) 15
Fig. 2.1 Characteristics of the city-states in the Urban Water
Transitions framework. (Hoekstra et al. 2018, adopted from
Brown et al. 2008) 24
Fig. 2.2 Step-by-step approach of developed cities and potential of
leapfrogging of developing cities in UWT framework. (Dolman
and Ogunyoye 2019, adapted from Brown et al. 2008) 26
Fig. 2.3 Different terms for broader more sustainable approaches in
urban water management. (Šakić Trogrlić et al. 2018, adopted
from Fletcher et al. 2014) 28
Fig. 2.4 Imbalance of natural and urban water system and city as a
sponge (Waggonner et al. 2014) 29
Fig. 2.5 Linking the water assignment to the ecological services metrics 30
Fig. 2.6 Dutch layers approach to spatial planning and design.
(Reproduced with permission from Dauvellier/MIRUP en
www.ruimtexmilieu.nl) 31
Fig. 2.7 Fluvial transect—cities as water catchments. (Reproduced with
permission from James Davidson Architect 2017) 32
Fig. 2.8 Water assignment per subbasin or neighbourhood (Waggonner
et al. 2014) 33
vii
viii LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 2.9 Screen components of the Adaptation Support Tool. Left on
the touch screen is the ranked list of 62 adaptation measures.
Selected measures are planned in the project area (middle). At
the right side the AST dashboard, showing the resilient
performance of the total package of measures and of each
active measure. Shown is the application of the AST in Beira,
Mozambique (Van de Ven et al. 2016) 36
Fig. 2.10 Hoboken comprehensive urban water strategy. (Reproduced
with permission from OMA and Royal HaskoningDHV 2014) 38
Fig. 2.11 “Resist – Delay – Store – Discharge” approach. (Reproduced
with permission from OMA and Royal HaskoningDHV 2014) 39
Fig. 2.12 Principles for Water-Wise Cities. (Reproduced with permission
from IWA 2016) 41
Fig. 3.1 (a–c) Three of the Dutch neighbourhood typologies (Kluck
et al. 2018) 49
Fig. 3.2 Example of standard design and 3 more climate resilient
variants for case ‘low rise post war garden city’ in flat urban
area (Kluck et al. 2018) 52
Fig. 3.3 Comparison of lifetime costs (damage, maintenance and
construction cost) for rainwater resilient design versus standard
design for six urban typology cases adapted from (Kluck et al.
2018) 56
Fig. 3.4 Global Climate Change Adaptation Platforms as presented
during 2nd international climate change adaptation platform
workshop in Dublin October 2019 (Climate Ireland 2019) 57
Fig. 3.5 ClimateScan.org platform with around 5000 projects around
the world 58
Fig. 3.6 Distribution of 100 projects in categories of the city
Groningen, The Netherlands 61
Fig. 3.7 Dutch neighbourhood typologies related to implemented
Dutch permeable pavement 62
Fig. 4.1 Layout of INTACT risk management process. (Adapted from
www.intact.wiki.eu) 71
Fig. 4.2 Applicability of flood proofing measures according to flood
level and duration (FloodProBE 2012a) 75
Fig. 4.3 Illustrative Relevance Map (FloodProBE 2012a) 76
Fig. 4.4 Example of required distance from the boundary of the
hotspot (y-axis) as a function of flood height (x-axis) required
for different flood protection products, in metres (FloodProBE
2012a) 77
LIST OF FIGURES ix
Fig. 4.5 Individual building damage methodology and tool. (Adapted
from FloodProBE 2012b) 79
Fig. 5.1 Three-point approach for flood risk management. (Modified
after Fratini et al. 2012) 89
Fig. 5.2 Schematic representation of the charette approach 90
Fig. 5.3 Seismic intensity per region. (Redrawn from Geology Page,
2014) 92
Fig. 5.4 Destruction of Yuriage 2008 (left) and 2011 (right) after the
great Tohoku tsunami 2011 (Google Earth) 93
Fig. 5.5 Destruction of Ötsuchi town by the 2011 tsunami 93
Fig. 5.6 Proposed measures for tsunami defence in Yuriage 94
Fig. 5.7 Reclamation plan for Ötsuchi’s central district 95
Fig. 5.8 Image of the effects of Dorian on the UB Campus on Grand
Bahama Island. (Photo: Fransje Hooimeijer) 97
Fig. 5.9 The building of strategic dikes (numbers 1 and 3) to create a
safe core in Freeport; dikes 4 and 5 are alternatives for number 3 98
Fig. 6.1 Location of Can Tho in the VMD. (Source: own drawing
Geerling 2020) 112
Fig. 6.2 Polluted riverside along Can Tho River. (Source: own picture
Geerling 2019) 117
Fig. 6.3 (a, b) An informal waste collection point at neighbourhood
scale. (Source: own pictures Geerling 2019) 119
Fig. 6.4 (a, b) A shredding facility in Can Tho. (Source: own pictures
Geerling 2019) 120
Fig. 8.1 The Water as Leverage Approach for climate resilient solutions.
(Source: Dutch Special Envoy for International Water Affairs
2019) 159
Fig. 8.2 Assessment of the water challenges for the city selection.
(Source: Water as Leverage Program, Setting the Scene for A
Call for Action) 161
Fig. 8.3 Conceptual design of the WaL strategic climate resilience
programs in Semarang. (Source: Water as Leverage 2019 –
image produced by the two teams One Resilient
Semarang and Cascading Semarang) 163
Fig. 9.1 Rotterdam, a global leader in climate adaptation located in a
low-lying river delta (Gerhard van Roon/Kunst en Vliegwerk) 178
Fig. 9.2 Creating multi-functional resilient public space. (Picture:
Guido Pijper) 179
Fig. 9.3 Benthemplein Water Square functions as social space and
retention area. (Picture: Arnoud Molenaar) 180
Fig. 9.4 Dakakkers: an urban garden on the roof. (Photo: Ossip van
Duivenbode) 183