Table Of Content

Springer Atmospheric Sciences Dana Magdalena Micu Alexandru Dumitrescu Sorin Cheval Marius-Victor Birsan Climate of the Romanian Carpathians Variability and Trends Springer Atmospheric Sciences More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10176 Dana Magdalena Micu (cid:129) Alexandru Dumitrescu Sorin Cheval (cid:129) Marius-Victor Birsan Climate of the Romanian Carpathians Variability and Trends DanaMagdalenaMicu AlexandruDumitrescu InstituteofGeographyoftheRomanian SorinCheval Academy Marius-VictorBirsan Bucharest,Romania NationalMeteorologicalAdministration Bucharest,Romania ISSN2194-5217 ISSN2194-5225(electronic) ISBN978-3-319-02885-9 ISBN978-3-319-02886-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-02886-6 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014953841 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword Mountain regions are fragile spots in many aspects, and they have always represented a key environment for the well being of the human communities. Mountains provide a substantial range of ecosystem services, like protection, biodiversity, water storage and supply, food, and recreation. At the same time, various natural and anthropogenic threats have increasingly endangered the sus- tainabledevelopmentofsuchareas,whileconservationandmanagementstrategies havebeenreinforcedconsequently.Asaresultofnaturalfactorsandanthropogenic bias, the climate shapes actively the mountain landscape, both at large and finer scales,withconsiderableconsequencesonanyactivity. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians stretch over seven European coun- tries. Along the history, different political, social and economical changes have modified the natural background, but common features have been also preserved. There is a real need for high quality, homogeneous and consistent data bases to addressenvironmentalissues,withapplicationsinmanyfields. About one third of the Carpathians lie over the territory of Romania, and the geographicallocationandmorphologicalcharacteristicsleadtoimportantclimatic differences between various sub-units. Conducted by a dynamic and competent group of Romanian climatologists, this study is a thorough and attractive investi- gation into the climate of the Romanian Carpathians, focusing mainly on the observed characteristics and variability along 1961–2010, by means of weather station records from Meteo Romania (National Meteorological Administration), which were quality controlled and homogenized within the project Carpatclim (Climate of the Carpathian Region). The authors have adjusted and analyzed the inputdataaccordingtotheobjectivesexpressedintheintroductorychapter,andthe outputs and results are outstanding. The Climate of the Romanian Carpathians. VariabilityandTrendsisthefirstcomprehensiveclimatologicalstudycoveringthe entireRomanianCarpathians.Suchacomplexsynthesisaddressesbothfundamen- tal science and applications, becoming a precious tool for students, large public, v vi Foreword stakeholdersandpolicymakers.Itbringsup-to-datescienceforclimatologistsand for all mountain practitioners exploiting climatic information and I am strongly confidentinitsshortandlongtermvalue. Bucharest,Romania NorelRˆımbu March26,2014 Acknowledgments TheauthorswarmlyacknowledgeDistinguishedProfessorEmeritusofGeography RogerBarry(CIRES,UniversityofColorado,Boulder,CO,USA),andProfessor MihaiDima(FacultyofPhysics,UniversityofBucharest,Romania)fortheirkind availabilitytoreviewthisbookinaprofessionalmanner. vii Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 TheoreticalBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1 MountainRegions:KeyIssuesinEnvironmentalResearch. . . . . 3 2.1.1 MountainRegionsandClimateChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.2 MountainResearchintheCarpathianRegion. . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 WeatherandClimateoftheRomanianCarpathians: ALiteratureReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3 StudyArea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.1 GeographicalLocationoftheRomanianCarpathians WithintheCarpathianChain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2 GeneralMorphologicalSettings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.3 ThePaleogeographicEvolutionandGeologicalConstitution..... 28 3.4 HydrologyandHydrogeology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.5 ZonationofVegetationandSoils. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 30 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4 Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.1 Datasets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2 MountainMeteorologicalNetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.1 Homogenization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.2 StatisticalMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5.2.1 Mann-KendallTrendTest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5.2.2 Kendall-TheilSlopeEstimate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.2.3 Spearman’sRankCorrelationCoefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ix