Climate Gradients and Biodiversity in Mountains of Italy PDF
Preview Climate Gradients and Biodiversity in Mountains of Italy
Geobotany Studies Basics, Methods and Case Studies Franco Pedrotti E ditor Climate Gradients and Biodiversity in Mountains of Italy Geobotany Studies Basics, Methods and Case Studies Editor FrancoPedrotti UniversityofCamerino ViaPontoni5 62032Camerino Italy EditorialBoards S.Bartha,Va´cra´to´t,Hungary F.Bioret,UniversityofBrest,France E.O.Box,UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,Georgia,USA A.Cˇarni,SlovenianAcademyofSciences,Ljubljana,Slovenia K.Fujiwara,YokohamaCityUniversity,Japan D.Gafta,“Babes-Bolyai”UniversityCluj-Napoca,Romania J.Loidi,UniversityofBilbao,Spain L.Mucina,TheUniversityofWesternAustralia,Perth,Australia S.Pignatti,Universita` degliStudidiRoma“LaSapienza”,Italy R.Pott,UniversityofHannover,Germany A.Vela´zquez,CentrodeInvestigacio´nenScie´nciasAmbientales, Morelia,Mexico R.Venanzoni,UniversityofPerugia,Italy About the Series Theseriesincludesoutstandingmonographsandcollectionsofpapersonarangeof topics in the following fields: Phytogeography, Phytosociology, Plant Community Ecology, Biocoenology,Vegetation Science, Eco-informatics, Landscape Ecology, VegetationMapping,PlantConservationBiology,andPlantDiversity.Contributions shouldreflectthelatesttheoreticalandmethodologicaldevelopmentsorpresentnew applicationsonlargespatialortemporalscalesthatwillreinforceourunderstanding ofecologicalprocessesactingatthephytocoenosisandvegetationlandscapelevel. Case studies based on large data sets are also considered, provided they support habitat classification refinement, plant diversity conservation orvegetation change prediction.GeobotanyStudies:Basics,MethodsandCaseStudiesisthesuccessorto Braun-Blanquetia,ajournalpublishedbytheUniversityofCamerinofrom1984to 2011 incooperation with the Station Internationale de Phytosociologie (Bailleul, France) and the Dipartimento di Botanica ed Ecologia (Universita`di Camerino, Italy)and underthe aegis ofthe Socie´te´Amicale FrancophonedePhytosociologie, the Socie´te´Franc¸aisedePhytosociologie, the Rheinold-Tu€xen-Gesellschaft and the EasternAlpineandDinaricSocietyforVegetationEcology.Thisseriespromotesthe expansion,evolution,andapplicationoftheinvaluablescientificlegacyoftheBraun- Blanquetschool. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/10526 Franco Pedrotti Editor Climate Gradients and Biodiversity in Mountains of Italy Editor FrancoPedrotti DepartmentofBotanyandEcology UniversityofCamerino Camerino,Italy ISSN2198-2562 ISSN2198-2570 (electronic) GeobotanyStudies ISBN978-3-319-67966-2 ISBN978-3-319-67967-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67967-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017959577 #SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Thisvolumeisdedicatedtotheexaminationandinterpretationofclimaticgradients andplantbiodiversityofsomemountainsystemsofItaly,withacontributionthat alsotakesintoconsiderationthebiodiversityoftheavianfauna. TheItalianpeninsulaextendsbetweenthelatitudesof36˚Nand47˚Nandbelongs to two vegetation zones: the Mediterranean and the temperate (Rivas Mart`ınez, BioclimaticMapofEurope,1996).TheMediterraneanzoneischaracterizedbythe evergreensclerophyllous associationsoftheQuercetea ilicisclass.Thetemperate zone comprises deciduous broadleaf associations of the Carpino-Fagetea, Quercetea pubescentis, and Quercetea roboris classes, plus the needle-leaved Vaccinio-Piceetea,Pyrolo-Pinetea,andErico-Pineteaclasses(latitudinalzonation ofthevegetation). Thisterritoryischaracterizedbymountainsystemsthatinpartarefoundinthe temperate zone (the Alps and the north-central Apennines) and in part in the Mediterranean zone (the southern Apennines and the mountains of Sicily and Sardinia). Every mountain system, in turn, is characterized by altitude belts with their own plant associations, according to the altitude above sea level (altitudinal zonationofthevegetation).Thealtitudinalzonationisverydifferentaccordingto the geographic position of the mountain system in the Mediterranean zone or the temperateone(Blasi,Lavegetazioned’Italia,2010;Pedrotti,Plantandvegetation mapping,Springer,2013). Anumberofwell-knowngeneralcontributionsexaminetheplantbiodiversityof entiremountaingroups,forexample,theAlpsandApennines(PedrottiandGafta, The High Mountain Flora and Vegetation of the Apennines and the Italian Alps, Springer, 2003), the Dolomites (Pignatti and Pignatti, Plant Life of Dolomites, Springer, 2014), and the mountains of Sicily (Raimondo, Carta del paesaggio vegetale e della biodiversita` vegetale della Provincia di Palermo, University of Palermo,2000). This volume gathers case studies in plant diversity from some representative mountainsystemsintheMediterraneanandtemperatezonesofItaly. Biodiversity was evaluated on the basis of the number of species (specific biodiversity), plant communities (coenotic biodiversity), and vegetation series (landscape diversity), according to the definition of Ge´hu (Dictionnaire de SociologieetSyne´cologieve´ge´tales,Cramer,2006). v vi Preface For the Alps, Wilhalm and Prosser examine the speciesbiodiversity(also with the help of very detailed location maps) of the sector of the central Alps that corresponds to the basin of the Adige, with some nearby valleys, between the watershed to the north and the Prealps to the south (Alto Adige and Trentino). Pedrotti investigates the vegetation series of the same territory, in relation to the three climatic sectors identified: prealpine, alpine and endoalpine. Aleffi explores the relationships between the distribution of some species of bryophytes and the mainmesoclimaticgradientsalongatransectthroughtheValledell’Adigebetween 46˚40´Nand45˚42´N.Siniscalcostudiesthewaysalienspeciesinvadethewestern Alps, which to date are little affected by this phenomenon, unlike the plains and hills. For the Apennines, Ferrari examines the tree line and the biodiversity of the vegetationofthenorthernApennines. ForthemountainsofSicily,Bazanconductsadiachronicanalysisofthebeech forestsoftheMontiNebrodi. The contribution of Venanzoni interprets the chorology of associations of MagnocaricetaliaorderthroughoutItaly,relatingittotheclimaticandgeographic gradients. In all, he describes 55 associations, reporting for each of them the distribution in the temperate zone (distinguished into the alpine and continental) andtheMediterraneanzone. CianfaglionepresentstheSignalProjectItaliansite.Thisprojectinvestigatesthe effects ofextremeweatherevents onsecondary grasslandand the roleof selected alienspecies,mowing,biodiversity,productivity,andfunctionaltraits,inItalyand alongaEuropeangradient,sharingdatawithotherpartners. FortheMarcheRegion,Forconidescribesthebiodiversityoftheavianfaunain relationtothealtitudinalgradientandthepotentialvegetation. The approaches used in the various contributions are based on fairly different methodologiesbutallcenteronanalysisofthebiodiversityinfunctionofclimatic gradientsor,insomecases,alsoonotherfactors. Camerino,Italy FrancoPedrotti Contents 1 FloristicBiodiversityinSouthTyrol(AltoAdige). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ThomasWilhalm 2 FloristicBiodiversityinTrentino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 AlessioBertolli,FrancescoFesti,andFilippoProsser 3 VegetationSeriesAlongClimaticGradientsintheCentral SouthernAlps(Trentino-AltoAdigeRegion). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 FrancoPedrotti 4 BryophytesandMesoclimaticGradientsAlongaTransect oftheAdigeValley(CentralAlps). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 MicheleAleffi 5 AreNon-nativePlantSpeciesaThreattotheAlps?Insights andPerspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 ConsolataSiniscalcoandElenaBarni 6 TimberlineandAlpineVegetationintheNorthernApennines: BioclimateSceneryandVegetationDiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 CarloFerrari 7 DiachronicAnalysisofBeechForestintheNebrodiPark (NorthernSicily). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 G.Bazan,G.Castellano,S.Ciccarello,P.Marino,andR.Schicchi 8 TheMagnocaricetaliaPignatti1953(Phragmito-Magnocaricetea KlikainKlikaetNova´k1941)PlantCommunitiesofItaly. . . . . . . 135 RobertoVenanzoni,AlessandroProperzi,EmmaBricchi, FlaviaLanducci,andDanielaGigante 9 EuropeanGrasslandsGradientandtheResiliencetoExtreme ClimateEvents:TheSIGNALProjectinItaly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 KevinCianfaglione,StefanoChelli,GiandiegoCampetella, CamillaWellstein,MarcoCervellini,SandroBallelli, DomenicoLucarini,RobertoCanullo,andAnkeJentsch vii viii Contents 10 AnAltitudinalGradientforBreedingBirdsinMarcheRegion (CentralItaly). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 PaoloForconi 1 Floristic Biodiversity in South Tyrol (Alto Adige) Thomas Wilhalm Abstract Anoverviewisprovided oftheknowledgeregarding the vascular flora ofAlto Adige or South Tyrol, Italy’s northernmost province, gained through its thor- ough studyduringthe last decades,primarilybymeans ofcomprehensive flor- isticmapping. The flora of South Tyrol comprises some 2600 taxa, 83% of which are classified as indigenous or archaeophytic. Of the remaining 17% alien species, 7%areconsideredasnaturalizedand10%ascasual.Adetailedanalysisofthe composition of the flora reveals a huge proportion of species with a pan-European distribution range, of species with the main area of distribution inthenemoralzone,orinthezoneofEuropeanhighmountains(alpid),orinthe sub-Mediterranean region, and of Alpine species. This reflects the geographic location of the region both in the southern part of Central Europe and in the midstoftheAlps. One phytogeographical particularity is the relatively high proportion of arctic-alpine,borealandponticelements,whichisduetopostglacialmigrations and associated area disjunctions and, in the case of pontic elements, to parti- cularlyfavorablemicroclimatesinpartsofSouthTyrol. Keywords Vascularflora•Floristicbiodiversity•SouthTyrol•Alps•Phytogeographical elements•Chorology T.Wilhalm(*) MuseumofNatureSouthTyrol,ViaBottai1,39100Bolzano,Italy e-mail:[email protected] #SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 1 F.Pedrotti(ed.),ClimateGradientsandBiodiversityinMountainsofItaly, GeobotanyStudies,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67967-9_1
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