Climate Governance in the Arctic PDF
Preview Climate Governance in the Arctic
Climate Governance in the Arctic ENVIRONMENT & POLICY VOLUME 50 Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5921 Climate Governance in the Arctic Editedby Timo Koivurova NorthernInstitute forEnvironmentalandMinorityLaw/Arctic Centre,UniversityofLapland, Rovaniemi,Finland E. Carina H. Keskitalo Umea˚ University,DepartmentofSocialandEconomicGeography, Umea˚,Sweden and Nigel Bankes Faculty ofLaw,UniversityofCalgary,ABCanada 123 Editors TimoKoivurova E.CarinaH.Keskitalo NorthernInstituteforEnvironmentaland Umea˚University MinorityLaw/ArcticCentre DepartmentofSocialandEconomic UniversityofLapland Geography Rovaniemi Umea˚ Finland Sweden timo.koivurova@ulapland.fi [email protected] NigelBankes FacultyofLaw UniversityofCalgary,AB Canada [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4020-9541-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9542-9 DOI10.1007/978-1-4020-9542-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008940441 (cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Coverimage:(cid:2)c 2008JupiterImagesCorporation Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface and Acknowledgements Thisbookisaproductofaresearchprojectthatbeganin2006.Theresearchgroup consisted of an inter-disciplinary group of scholars from numerous countries aim- ingtoexaminehowvariousgovernancemechanismscontributedtomitigationand adaptation to climate change in the Arctic. The original name of the project was “The Capability of International Governance Systems in the Arctic to Contribute to the mitigation of Climate Change and Adjust to its Consequences” (CIGSAC, project No. 8110564), which later was changed to “Climate Governance in the Arctic” (see the project’s website at http://www.arcticcentre.org/?deptid=25873). The project was funded by the Academy of Finland, and we want to express our gratitudefortheAcademy’sfinancialsupport. Theresearchprojectbenefittedgreatlyfromthetwoseminarsthatwereorganised duringitslife-cycle.ThelaunchmeetingoftheprojectwasinPyha¨tunturiFinland from August 30 to September 3, 2006, where the initial research topics were dis- cussed and their viability and desirable future focus examined. The final meeting (9thand10thofJanuary2008ArcticCentre,Rovaniemi,Finland)concentratedon fine-tuningtheindividualcontributionsanddevelopingasimilargeneralframework forthedifferentcontributions. Wewouldliketoexpressoursincerethankstoallthecontributorsformakingan honest attempt to follow this framework. We would also like to thank the contrib- utorsforparticipatinginthesetwomeetings;wethinkitwasalearningexperience forall sinceour different expertise informedacriticalbut constructive discussion. Apart from valuable suggestions for improving the quality of the individual chap- ters, the meetings also provided important guidance for the introductory and con- cludingchaptersofthebook.Importantrolesinassistingusintheeditingprocess wereplayedespeciallybyresearcherAdamStepienfromtheNorthernInstitutefor EnvironmentalandMinorityLaw(ArcticCentre,UniversityofLapland),and,atthe final stages, researcher Henna Tervo, also from NIEM. Thank you for all the hard work! Many of the authors have also made an effort to follow developments in some cases up to spring 2008 when the contributions for this book were due: this holds trueespeciallyforlegaldevelopmentssurroundingtheArcticmarineenvironment. Wehopethatthisbookwillopenupnewhorizonsforthinkingaboutclimategover- nanceissuesfromanArcticviewpoint.Wealsohopethatthisbookmayhelpinspire v vi PrefaceandAcknowledgements thosepersonsinvolvedinthevariousgovernancemechanismsthathaveimplications in the Arctic to find new ways of viewing the climate policies of their respective institutions,andtherebycontributingtoclimatepolicymainstreamingingeneral. We would also like to thank our families: the book added much work to the normal workload, requiring many extra evenings behind the computer. Thanks for beingsopatientandinterested! Rovaniemi,Finland TimoKoivurova Umea˚,Sweden E.CarinaH.Keskitalo Alberta,Canada NigelBankes Contents 1 ClimateGovernanceintheArctic:IntroductionandTheoretical Framework.................................................... 1 E.CarinaH.Keskitalo,TimoKoivurovaandNigelBankes PartI ClimateChangeintheArctic 2 TheClimateChangeRegimeandtheArcticRegion ................ 27 MeinhardDoelle 3 TheClimatePolicyoftheArcticCouncil.......................... 51 TimoKoivurovaandMd.WaliulHasanat 4 A Changing Arctic Climate: Science and Policy in the Arctic ClimateImpactAssessment ..................................... 77 AnnikaE.Nilsson 5 “New Governance” in the Arctic and Its Role for Supporting ClimateChangeAdaptation ..................................... 97 E.CarinaH.Keskitalo PartII LookingOutwards 6 Should the Law Governing Maritime Areas intheArcticAdapttoChangingClimaticCircumstances? ..........119 ErikFranckx 7 ClimateChangeandArcticFisheries .............................145 ErikJ.Molenaar 8 WorldHeritageConvention,ClimateChangeandtheArctic ........171 LottaViikari vii viii Contents 9 Rethinking the Status of Indigenous Peoples in International EnvironmentalDecision-Making:PonderingtheRoleofArctic IndigenousPeoplesandtheChallengeofClimateChange...........207 LeenaHeina¨ma¨ki 10 ThePotentialoftheConventiononBiologicalDiversitytoAddress theEffectsofClimateChangeintheArctic........................263 ThiloMarauhn PartIII LookingInwards 11 IsAdaptationGovernableintheArctic?NationalandRegional ApproachestoArcticAdaptationGovernance .....................289 MonicaTennberg 12 MitigationPossibilitiesintheEnergySector–AnArcticPerspective .303 MariaPettersson 13 Climate Change Policy in the Arctic: The Cases of Greenland andNunavut...................................................327 NataliaLoukacheva 14 ClimateChangeandtheRegimefortheConservation ofPolarBears .................................................351 NigelBankes 15 SubjectiveEnvironmentalism:TheBarentsEuro-ArcticCouncil andItsClimateChangePolicy...................................383 S.G.Sreejith 16 ClimateChangeandtheFutureofArcticGovernance:ASlushy SeascapeandHardQuestions ...................................403 DavidL.VanderZwaag 17 ConclusionsonClimateGovernanceintheArctic..................429 E.CarinaH.Keskitalo,TimoKoivurovaandNigelBankes Index .............................................................445 Contributors NigelBankes TheUniversityofCalgary,2500UniversityDrNW,Calgary, Alberta,T2N1N4,Canada,[email protected] MeinhardDoelle Marine&EnvironmentalLawInstitute,DalhousieLawSchool, Halifax,NovaScotia,Canada,B3H4H9,[email protected] ErikFranckx DepartmentofInternationalandEuropeanLaw,VrijeUniversiteit BrusselPleinlaan2,B-1050Brussels,Belgium,[email protected] Md. Waliul Hasanat The Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Finland; Lapin yliopisto, Arktinen Keskus,PL122,96101,Rovaniemi,Finland,waliul.hasanat@ulapland.fi LeenaHeina¨ma¨ki NorthernInstituteforEnvironmentalandMinorityLaw,Arctic Centre,UniversityofLapland,Finland;Lapinyliopisto,ArktinenKeskus,PL122, 96101Rovaniemi,Finland,leena.heinamaki@ulapland.fi E. Carina H. Keskitalo Political Science, Department of Social and Economic Geography,Umea˚ University,90187Umea˚,Sweden, [email protected] Timo Koivurova The Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Lapin yliopisto, Arktinen Keskus, PL 122, 96101,Rovaniemi,Finland,timo.koivurova@ulapland.fi NataliaLoukacheva PolarLawProgram,UniversityofAkureyri, Iceland;MunkCentreforInternationalStudies,UniversityofToronto,Toronto, [email protected] ThiloMarauhn JustusLiebigUniversityGiessen,LicherStr76,35394Giessen, Germany,[email protected] ix
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