Climate Change, Security Risks and Conflict Reduction in Africa: A Case Study of Farmer-Herder Conflicts over Natural Resources in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Burkina Faso 1960–2000 PDF
Preview Climate Change, Security Risks and Conflict Reduction in Africa: A Case Study of Farmer-Herder Conflicts over Natural Resources in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Burkina Faso 1960–2000
Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace VOL 12 Charlène Cabot Climate Change, Security Risks and Conflict Reduction in Africa A Case Study of Farmer-Herder Conflicts over Natural Resources in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Burkina Faso 1960–2000 Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace Volume 12 Series editor Hans Günter Brauch More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8090 More information on this series: http://afes-press-books.de/html/hexagon.htm More information on this volume: http://afes-press-books.de/html/hexagon_12.htm Charlène Cabot Climate Change, Security Risks and Conflict Reduction in Africa fl A Case Study of Farmer-Herder Con icts ’ over Natural Resources in Côte d Ivoire, – Ghana and Burkina Faso 1960 2000 123 CharlèneCabot Sète France ISSN 1865-5793 ISSN 1865-5807 (electronic) HexagonSeries onHuman andEnvironmental Security andPeace ISBN978-3-642-29236-1 ISBN978-3-642-29237-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-29237-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016933323 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made. Coverphotos:Usegraciouslyauthorizedbytheirrespectivephographers;photograph(top)—Duringthedryseasonin theSahel,anerosivecrustcanformandmakefarmingdifficult.Source:Senegal,2014,JoyaChowdhury;photograph (bottomleft)—Abaobabduringthedryseason.Source:Senegal,2014,StephanDeutscher;photograph(middle)— Cattle taking shelter. Source: Burkina Faso, 2006, Jacqueline Gounelle; photograph (bottom right)—Floods in the Northprovince,BurkinaFaso.Source:BurkinaFaso,2006,JacquelineGounelle.Moreonthisbookisat:http://www. springer.com/series/8090?detailsPage=titlesandhttp://www.afes-press-books.de/html/hexagon_12.htm. Copyediting:PDDr.HansGünterBrauch,AFES-PRESSe.V.,Mosbach,Germany Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringer-VerlagGmbHBerlinHeidelberg To my parents and my grandparents. Thank you for sharing your curiosity for the world, opening my horizons and raising me to believe in humankind. Foreword The international community is facing new and unprecedented security challenges. Each new decade of this millennium has come with its own challenges; from the droughts that led to the foodriotsof2008,tothe‘ArabSpring’thatbeganin2010,tothe new forms of terrorism and migration flows that are emerging. These challenges are growing from one year to the next. More than 219,000 people arrived in Europe in 2014, for example.Inthefirst4monthsof2015,another36,000landedon the shores of Greece, Italy and Malta. A majority of the arrivals are from Eritrea, Somalia and Syria. Many others come from Afghanistan,Gambia,Nigeria,MaliandSudan.Theyarefleeing from conflict or the threat of conflict. By2020,some60millionpeopleareexpectedtomovefrom‘desertified’areastonorthern Africa and Europe, and this figure is highly likely to grow by 2045, according to the 2014 United Kingdom Ministry of Defence publication, Global Strategic Trends—Out to 2045 (London: UK MoD, 2014). ButmigrationisnotachallengeforEuropeandAfricaalone.Everyyearbetween600,000 and 700,000 people migrate from the dryland areas of Mexico, for instance. Ordinary people and governments everywhere are overwhelmed by these developments— andforgoodreason.Thefutureisexpectedtogetworseduetoclimatechange.Andpressure is growing to address real—and imagined—public fears that are anticipated from climate change threats. The 2009 G-8 Summit, in its L’Aquila Declaration, stated that there is a reciprocal rela- tionshipbetweenlanddegradationandclimatechangeandstressedtheneedforactiononboth issues.Andalthoughweknowalotaboutclimatechangeandlanddegradation,thescienceof how these two phenomena interact and shape human action is still developing. Thus, we know that the impacts of climate change will be different across geographical regions,butnothowspecifically.Itmeanswecannotforecasthowthepoorurbanortherural populations in the Sahel will respond to the combined effects of climate change and desertification. Rigorous scholarly works that can tease out the causes and effects of these phenomena is vital for the design of effective policy and in order to allay unfounded public fears. Policy- makers are demanding robust knowledge about the relationships migration and conflict have with climate change and land degradation or desertification (as it is known when it occurs in arid and semi-arid areas). This publication moves us in that direction. It is provocative, and although it builds on premises that are still contested, scientists, policymakers and the public will find its conclusions interesting. The author picks a piece of thiscomplexissueandexplainsthesituationoffarmersandpastoralcommunitiesintheSahel vii viii Foreword in simple and accessible language. If you want to understand or are dealing with conflicts amongfarmingandpastoralcommunitiesintheSahelorinotherpartsoftheworld,thisbook is an essential read. Bonn Monique Barbut June 2015 Executive Secretary United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Preface I In the winter semester of 2010/2011, in the framework of the CycleFranco-allemandatSciencesPoandtheFreeUniversity, Charlène Cabot attended my annual compact seminar at the Otto Suhr Institute for Political Science at the Free University of Berlin on “Climate Change Impacts for International, European, National and Human Security: Causal, Discourse, ScenarioandEmpiricalAnalysesofHotspots”;shepresenteda talk on “Climate change impacts for sub-Saharan Africa and the political response” that impressed me both by its scientific focus and by her concern for the issues. In September 2011, I proposed her MA thesis on Climate © Humboldt-Stiftung/Svea ChangeandSecurityRisksinAfrica:TheInfluenceofPolitical Pietschmann, Berlin, 14 July Factors on the Reduction of Climate-induced or -aggravated 2015 Conflicts—A Study of Farmer–Herder Conflicts over Natural Resources in Western Africa for the prix d’excellence of the Deutsch-Französische Hochschule—Université franco-allemande. Charlène Cabot’s thesis addressed the research question “how institutional design and policies influence and might reduce conflicts, therefore avoiding the escalation of social conflicts into violence and upholding human and environmental security”. She combined French scientific expertise on AfricawithGermanexpertiseinthesocietaleffectsofclimatechangeonsecurityandconflicts by focusing on “social, economic and political circumstances mediating environmental changes and determining whether the societal challenge posed by climate change will be a conflictive one”. She rejected any automatic link between climate change and conflict and stressed instead that political institutions and decisions could reduce violent climate-induced conflictsthroughintegratedpolicies.Herresultsmaybeofpracticalrelevancefordevelopment cooperation andfor theglobal politicaldebate onwhether political factorswillbe decisive in determining whether climate change will become an additional stressor, increasing the probability of conflict. Not surprisingly, on 18 November 2011 Ms.Charlène Cabot—at theage of23—won one of the nine prizes and the only one for outstanding academic achievement for her French-German master’s thesis in political science; she was the first student from the Free University of Berlin to be awarded this prize. In early 2012, her study underwent a second roundofdouble-blindreviewbyAfricaspecialistsfromdifferentdisciplinesfrombothAfrica and Europe. In December 2011, Charlène Cabot joined the World Food Programme (WFP) and worked in Germany, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Senegal and the organization’s Policy and Programmes Division in Rome, before moving to work for WFP’s office in Chad. Charlène Cabot has been one of several highly gifted ambitious young women and men fromtheCycleFranco-Allemandwhohavecombinedscientificexcellencewithsociopolitical andenvironmentalconcernsandwhohavelatertakenupkeypositionsinFrenchandGerman ix x PrefaceI governmentagenciesandwithinternationalorganizations,includingpositionsinpoliticaland environmental hot spots in Africa or in Afghanistan. Since the Élysée Treaty was signed on 22 January 1963, Franco-German friendship has graduallyevolved,offeringanewframeworkforcooperationinforeignanddefencepolicyas well as in education and youth policy. A new generation of French-German bridge-builders andleadershasemergedwhoeachspeakandunderstandthelanguageandcultureoftheother. Thirteen years earlier Jean Monnet, an experienced political visionary, had set bilateral eco- nomic andpoliticalrelationson adifferent track, breakingwithhundredsofyearsofconflict. In 1984, on the initiative of Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kiersch, Sciences Po (Institut d'études politiques de Paris) and the Otto Suhr Institute for Political Science signed an agreement on exchangingstudents.In1991ajointandintegratedstudyprogrammefollowed,andin2008a dual master’s programme, with different specializations in political science, international relations and European affairs. During the past three decades some 500 students have par- ticipated in this programme, with 20 new students admitted each year. CharlèneCabotdevelopedhertalentsinthisbroaderpoliticalandeducationalframeworkof closer French-German cooperation. Talented and engaged students are the highest gift to any university educator who is keen to translate knowledge into political and social action. I was delighted to work with Charlène Cabot to develop her thesis into this book. My friend since 1963, Michael Headon from Wales, helped with language editing. This trilateral cooperation has become an intergenerational French, British and German effort. IamdelightedthatMmeBarbut(France),ExecutiveSecretary,UnitedNationsConvention toCombatDesertification(UNCCD),andDr.IbrahimShawhaveendorsedCharlèneCabot’s bookwithaforewordandpreface.Dr.Shaw,himselfamemberoftheFulbepeople,grewup in Freetown (Sierra Leone), teaches at Northumbria University, UK, and is the first African Secretary General of the International Peace Research Association (IPRA). Mosbach, Germany Hans Günter Brauch January 2016 Editor offive book series published by Springer Peace Research and European Security Studies (AFES-PRESS) Co-chair, IPRA’s Ecology and Peace Commission
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