Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems PDF
Preview Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems
Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems Münir Öztürk • Khalid Rehman Hakeem I. Faridah-Hanum • Recep Efe Editors Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems 1 3 Editors Münir Öztürk I. Faridah-Hanum Department of Botany Faculty of Forestry Ege University Universiti Putra Malaysia Bornova Selangor Izmir Malaysia Turkey Recep Efe Faculty of Forestry Department of Geogaraphy Universiti Putra Malaysia Balikesir University Selangor Balikesir Malaysia Turkey Khalid Rehman Hakeem Faculty of Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Malaysia ISBN 978-3-319-12858-0 ISBN 978-3-319-12859-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12859-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015934940 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms, or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The environment is constantly changing due to our unsustainable activities. The challenge we are facing currently is to predict how future agriculture will respond to the changing environment. A rise in global mean temperature will mean increase in the melting of mountain glaciers, the permafrost soil zone, and the polar ice caps, posing a common global threat. The climate change impacts on soil structure constitute a more complex process. The direct impact will be on the degradation of aggregates in the soil due to raindrops, surface runoff, and leaching, especially dur- ing heavy rains, thunderstorms, the increasing in flood frequencies which are the typical characteristics of climate change. The indirect influences will originate from the changes in the vegetation patterns and land-use practices. The ecosystems are a part of the climate and living beings have adapted to their regional climate over time. However, our adhoc activities and degradative attitudes have lead us to a situation that more than 60 % of the species have shifted from their habitats and grow now as “refugee species.” Infact, human created climate change will be one of the major threats of extinction to the biodiversity. Nearly 30 % of the species are face to face with a risk of extinction today. The habitat change is expect- ed to result in the extinction of approximately 26 % of the species upto 2050. Atmo- spheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have been steadily rising, and projections are that in 2100 these may reach the levels ranging between 500–1000 ppm. These increases together with the changes in temperature; expected to reach to approxi- mately 3 °C above the current values by 2100; will pose a serious threat to global crop production, change the geographical distribution and growing season of crops, and may reduce crop yields up to 17 %. Plants will face several types of injuries from temperature stress, eventually leading food insecurity. Already these changes are affecting the high-altitude and high-latitude ecosys- tems. Their resilience will be affected greatly during the course of this century. The effects of regional climates on the plant diversity at high altitudes is revealing that there is shift in the distributional ranges of species, directly depicted by phenologi- cal changes, an early onset of flowering, migration, and lengthening of the growing seasons. The temperature increase due to global climate change will bring significant al- terations in the altitudinal patterns of high-altitude forests in particular alpine zones. v vi Preface These will face a change in the important ecosystem processes including impacts on snow accumulation, melting of glaciers, and a decrease in the water resources. Any degradation of forest cover will mean facing avalanches, decrease in the reflectance of solar radiation, increase in soil erosion, flooding, and landslides. The timberline species will serve as a key for understanding altitudinal variations. Objectives of this book are to present a comprehensive insight on the problems related to ecosystem fragmentation, health and well being of high altitude ecosys- tems, ecosystem services for food and medicine, and the situation of invasive alien species. A total of 23 chapters have been included contributed by the eminent scientists of the subject from Turkey, Pakistan, South America, Malaysia, Nepal, Kirgizistan, Kazakistan, Georgia, Russia, Macedonia, Indonesia, and from North America. We have more hotter and drier times ahead, many valuable ecosystems will be lost, there will be changes in the timing of seasonal life-cycle events, range shifts in many species, and threshold effects will be observed. The data presented here covers some of the most important mountain ranges in the world including the Himalayas, Andes, Altai’s, Tien-Shan, Caucasus, Taurus, Amanos, and other high altitude mountains of Turkey from the Black Sea region as well as Central and East Anatolian regions. This work discusses the ecosystem health and climate change, ecosystem pro- ductivity, climate change and threats to high altitude ecosystems, soils and other limiting environmental factors at high altitudes. It also focuses on improving our understanding on the effects of climate change on biodiversity and is trying to give a thorough insight to the young researchers on these fragile ecosystems for their future evaluation. Münir Öztürk Khalid Rehman Hakeem I. Faridah-Hanum Recep Efe Acknowledgements This book would not have been possible without the support of our actively working dedicated colleagues from different parts of the globe. First and foremost we would like to take this opportunity to thank these contributors for their collaboration and support. The idea for editing this volume took shape during the COMSTECH workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan in September 2012. As such, special thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Qasim Jan Advisor COMSTECH as well as his hard working team for their support and encouragement. Prof. Jan inspired me (Münir Öztürk) greatly to work on this project. The motivation I (Münir Öztürk) got from Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ruhi Mermut (Soil Sciences Department, Saskatchwan University-Canada and Harran University, Tur- key), Prof. Dr. M. ASHRAF (Rector NS University of Agricultural Science, Mul- tan, Pakistan); Prof. Dr. Khan Bahadar Marwat (Rector SBB University, Sheringel- Upper Dir, Pakistan), Prof. Dr. Zabta Khan Shinwari (Ex-Rector Kohat University, Pakistan), and the young participants at the workshop tremendously contributed to this project. Apart from our efforts, the success of a project depends largely on the encour- agement from many others like the Springer team who collaborated with us; there- fore our greatest appreciation goes to them. Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their under- standing for allowing us to complete this project. Münir Öztürk Khalid Rehman Hakeem I. Faridah-Hanum Recep Efe vii Contents 1 High-Altitude Flora and Vegetation of Kazakhstan and Climate Change Impacts ........................................................................... 1 L. A. Dimeyeva, G. T. Sitpayeva, B. M. Sultanova, K. Ussen and A. F. Islamgulova 2 S tatus of Natural Resources in the Uplands of the Swat Valley Pakistan ........................................................................................... 49 Habib Ahmad, Münir Öztürk, Waqar Ahmad and Shujaul Mulk Khan 3 T he High-Mountain Flora and Vegetation of the Western and Central Taurus Mts. (Turkey) in the Times of Climate Change .... 99 Gerald Parolly 4 S oil Carbon Reservoirs at High-Altitude Ecosystems in the Andean Plateau .......................................................................................... 135 M. A. Munoz, Angel Faz and Ahmet R. Mermut 5 S pecies Diversity and Use Patterns of the Alpine Flora with Special Reference to Climate Change in the Naran, Pakistan ............... 155 Shujaul Mulk Khan and Habib Ahmad 6 H igh-Altitude Plants in Era of Climate Change: A Case of Nepal Himalayas ........................................................................................ 177 Anup KC and Ambika Ghimire 7 I mpact of Climate Change on Mountain Flora and Vegetation in the Republic of Macedonia (Central Part of the Balkan Peninsula) ...................................................................................... 189 Andraž Čarni and Vlado Matevski 8 L upinus Species in Central Mexico in the Era of Climate Change: Adaptation, Migration, or Extinction? ..................................... 215 Kalina Bermúdez-Torres, Maxime Ferval and Luc Legal ix x Contents 9 Mountainous Vegetation of Central Black Sea Region ........................... 229 H. Güray Kutbay, Fergan Karaer, Arzu Cansaran, Hasan Korkmaz, Mahmut Kılınc, Mustafa Aydoğdu and Ali Engin 10 Impacts of Climate Change on Georgia’s Mountain Ecosystems .......... 245 Dali Nikolaishvili and Lia Matchavariani 11 H ighland Vegetation of Inner and Eastern Anatolia and the Effects of Global Warming ........................................................................ 275 L. Kurt, O. Ketenoglu, G. N. Tug and F. Sekerciler 12 Climate Change Impact on High-Altitude Ecosystems and Their Impact on Human Communities .................................................... 289 Paul W. Bierman-Lytle 13 Soil–Plant Interactions in the High-Altitude Ecosystems: A Case Study from Kaz Dağı (Mount Ida), Turkey .................................... 343 Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit, Zeki Severoglu, Recep Vatansever and Münir Öztürk 14 Impact of Climatic Change on Flora of High Altitudes in Pakistan ..... 361 Muhammad Azim Khan, Bakhtiar Gul and Haroon Khan 15 V egetation and Plant Diversity of High-Altitude Mountains in Eastern Karadeniz (Black Sea) Region of Turkey and Climate Change Interactions .................................................................... 383 Salih Terzioğlu, Aydın Tüfekçioğlu and Mahir Küçük 16 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies of Indonesian Forestry Sector ........................................................................................... 409 Cecep Kusmana and Putri Yasmin Nurul Fajri 17 Floral Diversity of the High Altitudes of Amanos Mountains: A Case Study from Daz Mountain-Mıgır, Turkey ................................... 427 Necattin Turkmen, Atabay Duzenli and Münir Öztürk 18 Interdependence of Biodiversity, Applied Ethnobotany, and Conservation in Higher Ecosystems of Northern Pakistan Under Fast Climatic Changes ................................................................... 455 Mushtaq Ahmad, Abida Bano, Muhammad Zafar, Shazia Sultana and Sofia Rashid 19 Changes in Tree Species Distribution Along Altitudinal Gradients of Montane Forests in Malaysia.............................................. 491 Mohd Nazip Suratman, Nur Hasmiza Abd. Hamid, Mohamad Danial Md Sabri, Mazlin Kusin and Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani
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