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Climate change and water : international perspectives on mitigation and adaptation PDF

296 Pages·2009·33.516 MB·English
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C Climate change is having a significant impact on how l Climate Change i m water resources are managed. Rising temperatures are a increasing evaporation rates, changing precipitation t e patterns, affecting runoff and water quality, and changing C water use demands. Climate change and its effect and Water h on water is an international concern. To gain a better a understanding of its complexity, the American Water n g Works Association and International Water Association e jointly present this comprehensive collection of papers International Perspectives a from around the world. This collection provides sound, n d scientific advice to water managers on the real impact of on Mitigation and Adaptation W climate change, how to mitigate its effects, and adapt to a its many challenges. t e r I n t e r n a t i o n a l P e r s p e c t i v e s o n M i t i g a t i o n a n d A d a p t a t i o n 1P-5C-20700-8/09-SB 20700 Cover Rev.indd 1 7/29/2009 3:16:11 PM Climate Change and Water International Perspectives on Mitigation and Adaptation Climate Change and Water: International Perspectives on Mitigation and Adaptation Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informa- tion or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer This book is provided for informational purposes only, with the understanding that the pub- lisher, editors, and authors are not thereby engaged in rendering engineering or other profes- sional services. The authors, editors, and publisher make no claim as to the accuracy of the book’s contents, or their applicability to any particular circumstance. The editors, authors, and publisher accept no liability to any person for the information or advice provided in this book or for loss or damages incurred by any person as a result of reliance on its contents. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional before taking any action or making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice. AWWA Publications Manager: Gay Porter De Nileon Technical Editor/Project Manager: Melissa Valentine Cover Art: Bright Idea Graphic Design Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. ii About the American Water Works Association AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in the world, advancing public health, safety, and welfare by uniting the efforts of the full spectrum of the water community. Through our collective strength, we become better stewards of water for the greatest good of people and the environment. For information on membership, publications, and conferences, contact American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 USA 800.926.7337 www.awwa.org About the International Water Association IWA Publishing, the publishing arm of the International Water Association, provides in- formation services on all aspects of water, sanitation, and related environmental fields. IWA Publishing is a specialist publisher focusing solely on the international marketing of water related publications to IWA members and the wider world. Spanning all areas of the water in- dustry, IWA Publishing covers every aspect of water and wastewater treatment, management and distribution, including water quality and quantity management, and embracing scien- tific, technical engineering, appropriate technologies, legal, health and economic aspects. Contents INTRODUCTION 1 UNDeRsTANDINg The ImPACT 3 1. No Doubt About Climate Change and Its Implications for Water suppliers 5 John E. Cromwell III, national policy researcher for Stratus Consulting Joel B. Smith, Vice-President, Stratus Consulting Robert S. Raucher, Executive Vice-President, Stratus Consulting 2. how should Water Utilities Preparefor Climate Change? 13 Richard G. Sykes, Manager of Natural Resources, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif. Clifford C. Chan, Manager of Treatment and Distribution, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif. Rey C. Encarnacion, Associate Civil Engineer, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif. Kevin T. Richards, Associate Civil Engineer, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif. 3. mountain Water and Climate Change 21 D. Vanham, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria W. Rauch, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria 4. Prevailing Water Demand Forecasting Practices and Implications for evaluating the effects of Climate Change 41 Jack C. Kiefer, PhD, Principal Economist and Water Resources Practice Leader, CDM Federal Programs, Carbondale, Ill. 5. Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on source Water Quality of Lake Cachuma, California 47 Joseph A. Drago, PE, PhD, Principal, Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, San Francisco, Calif. Levi Brekke, PhD., Water Resources Modeler, US Bureau of Reclamation, San Francisco, Calif. Catriona E. Rogers, PhD., Environmental Scientist, USEPA Global Change Research Program, Washington, D.C. Kevin D. Walsh, PE, General Manager, Goleta Water District, Goleta, Calif. 6. The Climate Footprint and the Practical Application at Water Companies in The Netherlands 55 Peter Weirs, Climate Partners Henk de Boer, Brabant Water Theo Janse, Operations Research, Waternet Leo Joosten, Climate Chance BV Jan Peter van der Hoek, Strategic Centre, Waternet Dirk van der Woerdt, Waterbedrijf Groningen v 7. Climate Footprint and mitigation measures in the Dutch Water sector 73 Jos Frijns, KWR, Watercycle Research Institute Mirabella Mulder, Grontmij Jelle Roorda, MWH (formerly Grontmij) 8. The Water Footprint of Bio-energy 81 A.Y. Hoekstra, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands P.W. Gerbens-Leenes, ???? Th. H. van der Meer, ???? mITIgATION 9. The Water–energy–Climate Nexus—systems Thinking and Virtuous Circles 99 Monique Retamel, Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Andrea Turner, Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Stuart White, Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia 10. energy Use in Urban Water 111 S.J. Kenway, A. Priestley, S. Cook, A. Gregory, A. Lovell, N. Smith 11. WATeRgY: energy and Water efficiency in municipal Water supply and Wastewater Treatment 1 23 Sudha Setty, Alliance to Save Energy 12. station efficiency Reduces greenhouse gas emissions 137 Robert Eckard, founder Robert Eckard Consulting, Woodland, Calif. 13. Climate Change—mitigation Policy Issues 145 Cynthia Lane 14. Climate Change mitigation strategies in the Water sector in Developing Countries 157 Juan van den Broeck, NOLASCO & Associates, Buenos Aires, Argentina Daniel A. Nolasco, NOLASCO & Associates, Buenos Aires, Argentina vi ADAPTATION 15. Incorporating Climate Change in Water Planning 173 Kathy Freas, Water Resources and Ecosystem Management Services, CH2M HILL, Albuquerque, N.M. Bob Bailey, President of Water Business Group, CH2M HILL, Albuquerque, N.M. Armin Munevar, Senior Water Resources Engineer and Climate Technologist, CH2M HILL, Albuquerque, N.M. Susan Butler, Senior Water Resources Planner, CH2M HILL, Albuquerque, N.M. 16. Climate Change and Water Utilities 183 Marloes H.N. Bakker, PhD, CPWC, the Netherlands Henk van Schaik, ???? 17. half Full or half empty? either Way It’s Time to Plan 193 Perri Standish-Lee, Director of Integrated Watershed Planning, Black & Veatch Corp., Sacramento, Ca. Erik Loboschefsky, Junior Engineer, Black & Veatch Corp., Sacramento, Calif. Kristina Lecina, Water Resources Engineer, Black & Veatch Corp., Sacramento, Calif. 18. Climate Change Is Real: how Can Utilities Cope With Potential Risks? 199 Joel B. Smith, Vice President, Stratus Consulting, Boulder, Colo. 19. Planning strategy in a Changing Climate 205 Sarah Deslauriers, Carollo Engineers, Walnut Creek, Calif. Lydia Holmes, PE, Carollo Engineers, Walnut Creek, Calif. Steve McDonald, PE, Carollo Engineers, Walnut Creek, Calif. Jon Loiacono, PE, San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, San Francisco, Calif. 20. Climate Change: Charting a Water Course in an Uncertain Future 215 Michael J. Wallis, Director of Operations and Maintenance, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif. Michael R. Ambrose, Manager of Regulatory Compliance, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif. Clifford C. Chan, Manager of Water Treatment and Distribution, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif. 21. Implementation of Climate Adaptation and mitigation strategies for Drinking Water Production in the Netherlands 227 Gerard A. van der Berg, KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands Jos Frijins, KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands J.J. Gertjan Zwolsman, KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands 22. meeting the Challenges of Climate Change: singapore 241 Chang Chian Wui, Policy Planning, PUB, Singapore vii 23. Climate Change and Adaptation in southern California 251 Maryline C. Laugier, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Irvine, Calif. Edwards G. Means III, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Irvine, Calif. Jennifer A. Daw, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Denver, Colo. Michael Hurley, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. 24. melbourne Water Climate Change study 263 Carol Howe, CSIRO, Delft, the Netherlands Bruce Rhodes, Manager, Urban Water Planning, Melbourne Water, Melbourne, Australia 25. Climate Change Impacts on Urban Drainage systems in scandinavia 277 O. Mark, DHI Water, Environment & Health, Hørsholm, Denmark G. Svensson, DHI, Göteborg, Sweden A. Konig, DHI, Trondheim, Norway J.J. Linde, PH Consultant, Søborg, Denmark INDeX 289 viii Introduction “According to many experts, water and its availability and quality will be the main pressure on, and issues for, societies and the environment under climate change.” - IPCC Technical Paper VI ADDRessINg CLImATe ChANge AND UNCeRTAINTY For many years, it has been widely accepted that climate change will have significant implications for management of water resources. The effects of climate change are starting to emerge. Increasing temperatures are increasing evaporation rates, changing precipitation patterns, affecting runoff and water quality, and changing water use demands. Impacts of changing climate will likely affect many water utilities, from increased salinity of coastal aquifers affected by sea level rise to earlier peak runoff in snowmelt dominated areas to reduced water supplies in the Mediterranean, Australia, and other regions. Other aspects of urban water management including stormwater and wastewater collec- tion and treatment systems may also feel impacts, such as increased incidences of flooding and sewer overflows. Knowledge of these impacts and possible adaptation measures are still limited. Impacts from climate change are felt in both developed and developing countries, but the ability to respond and the approaches needed to respond to this challenge can be quite different. Even though urban water agencies will be affected by climate change, water utilities also contribute to climate change. They are an obvious source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emis- sions through their consumption of energy and emission of gases such as methane. Urban water managers need to be at the forefront to address the challenges from climate change, by mitigating their own contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and by building resilience into their systems to adapt to potential future climate scenarios. The water management community, however, has been a leader in recognizing that it must respond to climate change. Indeed, the American Water Works Association (AWWA) and International Water Association (IWA) have been studying climate change and advising water resource managers about how to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, how they may be affected by climate change, and what they can do to plan for the consequences. In 1997, AWWA’s public advisory forum recommended that water agencies consider climate change in their planning. In 2005, the AWWA Research Foundation (currently the Water Research Foundation) published Climate Change and Water Resources: A Primer for Municipal Water Providers, written by leading researchers on climate change and water resources at the National Center for Atmospheric Resources. AWWA has also been sponsoring training seminars on climate change across the United States for water managers. IWA is assisting the global water community in meeting intensified challenges and uncertainties to build systems that are more robust, flexible, and resilient. IWA’s Climate Change programme focuses on the need to model, predict, and assess future impacts and costs for society and the environment, and to support decision making under uncertainty. Over the past 10 years, IWA’s journal, Water21, highlighted aspects of climate change such as the increase in waterborne diseases (Water21 2001). IWA’s specialist group on Climate 1

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