Climate change and water : international perspectives on mitigation and adaptation

296 Pages·2009·33.516 MB·English

by  Smith, J., Howe, C. and Henderson, J. (eds)

C
Climate change is having a significant impact on how l Climate Change
i
m
water resources are managed. Rising temperatures are
a
increasing evaporation rates, changing precipitation
t
e
patterns, affecting runoff and water quality, and changing

C
water use demands. Climate change and its effect and Water
h
on water is an international concern. To gain a better a
understanding of its complexity, the American Water n
g
Works Association and International Water Association
e
jointly present this comprehensive collection of papers International Perspectives
a
from around the world. This collection provides sound, n
d
scientific advice to water managers on the real impact of on Mitigation and Adaptation

W
climate change, how to mitigate its effects, and adapt to
a
its many challenges.
t
e
r

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

P
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s

o
n

M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n

a
n
d

A
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
1P-5C-20700-8/09-SB
20700 Cover Rev.indd 1 7/29/2009 3:16:11 PM
Climate Change
and Water
International Perspectives
on Mitigation and Adaptation
Climate Change and Water: International Perspectives on Mitigation and Adaptation
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informa-
tion or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes,
without the written permission of the publisher.
Disclaimer
This book is provided for informational purposes only, with the understanding that the pub-
lisher, editors, and authors are not thereby engaged in rendering engineering or other profes-
sional services. The authors, editors, and publisher make no claim as to the accuracy of the
book’s contents, or their applicability to any particular circumstance. The editors, authors,
and publisher accept no liability to any person for the information or advice provided in this
book or for loss or damages incurred by any person as a result of reliance on its contents. The
reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional before taking any action
or making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice.
AWWA Publications Manager: Gay Porter De Nileon
Technical Editor/Project Manager: Melissa Valentine
Cover Art: Bright Idea Graphic Design
Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.
ii
About the American Water Works Association
AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the
quality and supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization
of water professionals in the world, advancing public health, safety, and welfare by uniting
the efforts of the full spectrum of the water community. Through our collective strength, we
become better stewards of water for the greatest good of people and the environment.
For information on membership, publications, and conferences, contact
American Water Works Association
6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235-3098 USA
800.926.7337
www.awwa.org
About the International Water Association
IWA Publishing, the publishing arm of the International Water Association, provides in-
formation services on all aspects of water, sanitation, and related environmental fields. IWA
Publishing is a specialist publisher focusing solely on the international marketing of water
related publications to IWA members and the wider world. Spanning all areas of the water in-
dustry, IWA Publishing covers every aspect of water and wastewater treatment, management
and distribution, including water quality and quantity management, and embracing scien-
tific, technical engineering, appropriate technologies, legal, health and economic aspects.

Contents
INTRODUCTION 1
UNDeRsTANDINg The ImPACT 3
1. No Doubt About Climate Change and Its Implications for Water
suppliers 5
John E. Cromwell III, national policy researcher for Stratus Consulting
Joel B. Smith, Vice-President, Stratus Consulting
Robert S. Raucher, Executive Vice-President, Stratus Consulting
2. how should Water Utilities Preparefor Climate Change? 13
Richard G. Sykes, Manager of Natural Resources, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif.
Clifford C. Chan, Manager of Treatment and Distribution, EBMUD, Oakland,
Calif.
Rey C. Encarnacion, Associate Civil Engineer, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif.
Kevin T. Richards, Associate Civil Engineer, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif.
3. mountain Water and Climate Change 21
D. Vanham, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
W. Rauch, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
4. Prevailing Water Demand Forecasting Practices and Implications for
evaluating the effects of Climate Change 41
Jack C. Kiefer, PhD, Principal Economist and Water Resources Practice Leader,
CDM Federal Programs, Carbondale, Ill.
5. Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on source Water Quality of
Lake Cachuma, California 47
Joseph A. Drago, PE, PhD, Principal, Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, San Francisco,
Calif.
Levi Brekke, PhD., Water Resources Modeler, US Bureau of Reclamation, San
Francisco, Calif.
Catriona E. Rogers, PhD., Environmental Scientist, USEPA Global Change Research
Program, Washington, D.C.
Kevin D. Walsh, PE, General Manager, Goleta Water District, Goleta, Calif.
6. The Climate Footprint and the Practical Application at Water Companies in
The Netherlands 55
Peter Weirs, Climate Partners
Henk de Boer, Brabant Water
Theo Janse, Operations Research, Waternet
Leo Joosten, Climate Chance BV
Jan Peter van der Hoek, Strategic Centre, Waternet
Dirk van der Woerdt, Waterbedrijf Groningen
v
7. Climate Footprint and mitigation measures in the Dutch Water sector 73
Jos Frijns, KWR, Watercycle Research Institute
Mirabella Mulder, Grontmij
Jelle Roorda, MWH (formerly Grontmij)
8. The Water Footprint of Bio-energy 81
A.Y. Hoekstra, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
P.W. Gerbens-Leenes, ????
Th. H. van der Meer, ????
mITIgATION
9. The Water–energy–Climate Nexus—systems Thinking and Virtuous
Circles 99
Monique Retamel, Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology,
Sydney, Australia
Andrea Turner, Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney,
Australia
Stuart White, Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney,
Australia
10. energy Use in Urban Water 111
S.J. Kenway,
A. Priestley,
S. Cook,
A. Gregory,
A. Lovell,
N. Smith
11. WATeRgY: energy and Water efficiency in municipal Water supply and
Wastewater Treatment 1 23
Sudha Setty, Alliance to Save Energy
12. station efficiency Reduces greenhouse gas emissions 137
Robert Eckard, founder Robert Eckard Consulting, Woodland, Calif.
13. Climate Change—mitigation Policy Issues 145
Cynthia Lane
14. Climate Change mitigation strategies in the Water sector in Developing
Countries 157
Juan van den Broeck, NOLASCO & Associates, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Daniel A. Nolasco, NOLASCO & Associates, Buenos Aires, Argentina
vi
ADAPTATION
15. Incorporating Climate Change in Water Planning 173
Kathy Freas, Water Resources and Ecosystem Management Services, CH2M HILL,
Albuquerque, N.M.
Bob Bailey, President of Water Business Group, CH2M HILL, Albuquerque, N.M.
Armin Munevar, Senior Water Resources Engineer and Climate Technologist,
CH2M HILL, Albuquerque, N.M.
Susan Butler, Senior Water Resources Planner, CH2M HILL, Albuquerque, N.M.
16. Climate Change and Water Utilities 183
Marloes H.N. Bakker, PhD, CPWC, the Netherlands
Henk van Schaik, ????
17. half Full or half empty? either Way It’s Time to Plan 193
Perri Standish-Lee, Director of Integrated Watershed Planning, Black & Veatch
Corp., Sacramento, Ca.
Erik Loboschefsky, Junior Engineer, Black & Veatch Corp., Sacramento, Calif.
Kristina Lecina, Water Resources Engineer, Black & Veatch Corp., Sacramento,
Calif.
18. Climate Change Is Real: how Can Utilities Cope With Potential
Risks? 199
Joel B. Smith, Vice President, Stratus Consulting, Boulder, Colo.
19. Planning strategy in a Changing Climate 205
Sarah Deslauriers, Carollo Engineers, Walnut Creek, Calif.
Lydia Holmes, PE, Carollo Engineers, Walnut Creek, Calif.
Steve McDonald, PE, Carollo Engineers, Walnut Creek, Calif.
Jon Loiacono, PE, San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, San Francisco, Calif.
20. Climate Change: Charting a Water Course in an Uncertain Future 215
Michael J. Wallis, Director of Operations and Maintenance, EBMUD, Oakland,
Calif.
Michael R. Ambrose, Manager of Regulatory Compliance, EBMUD, Oakland, Calif.
Clifford C. Chan, Manager of Water Treatment and Distribution, EBMUD,
Oakland, Calif.
21. Implementation of Climate Adaptation and mitigation strategies for
Drinking Water Production in the Netherlands 227
Gerard A. van der Berg, KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The
Netherlands
Jos Frijins, KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
J.J. Gertjan Zwolsman, KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the
Netherlands
22. meeting the Challenges of Climate Change: singapore 241
Chang Chian Wui, Policy Planning, PUB, Singapore
vii
23. Climate Change and Adaptation in southern California 251
Maryline C. Laugier, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Irvine, Calif.
Edwards G. Means III, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Irvine, Calif.
Jennifer A. Daw, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Denver, Colo.
Michael Hurley, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.
24. melbourne Water Climate Change study 263
Carol Howe, CSIRO, Delft, the Netherlands
Bruce Rhodes, Manager, Urban Water Planning, Melbourne Water, Melbourne,
Australia
25. Climate Change Impacts on Urban Drainage systems in scandinavia 277
O. Mark, DHI Water, Environment & Health, Hørsholm, Denmark
G. Svensson, DHI, Göteborg, Sweden
A. Konig, DHI, Trondheim, Norway
J.J. Linde, PH Consultant, Søborg, Denmark
INDeX 289
viii
Introduction
“According to many experts, water and its availability and quality will be the main pressure on,
and issues for, societies and the environment under climate change.”
- IPCC Technical Paper VI
ADDRessINg CLImATe ChANge AND UNCeRTAINTY
For many years, it has been widely accepted that climate change will have significant
implications for management of water resources. The effects of climate change are starting
to emerge. Increasing temperatures are increasing evaporation rates, changing precipitation
patterns, affecting runoff and water quality, and changing water use demands. Impacts of
changing climate will likely affect many water utilities, from increased salinity of coastal
aquifers affected by sea level rise to earlier peak runoff in snowmelt dominated areas to
reduced water supplies in the Mediterranean, Australia, and other regions.
Other aspects of urban water management including stormwater and wastewater collec-
tion and treatment systems may also feel impacts, such as increased incidences of flooding
and sewer overflows. Knowledge of these impacts and possible adaptation measures are still
limited. Impacts from climate change are felt in both developed and developing countries,
but the ability to respond and the approaches needed to respond to this challenge can be quite
different.
Even though urban water agencies will be affected by climate change, water utilities also
contribute to climate change. They are an obvious source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sions through their consumption of energy and emission of gases such as methane. Urban
water managers need to be at the forefront to address the challenges from climate change, by
mitigating their own contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and by building resilience into
their systems to adapt to potential future climate scenarios.
The water management community, however, has been a leader in recognizing that it
must respond to climate change. Indeed, the American Water Works Association (AWWA)
and International Water Association (IWA) have been studying climate change and advising
water resource managers about how to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, how they may
be affected by climate change, and what they can do to plan for the consequences.
In 1997, AWWA’s public advisory forum recommended that water agencies consider
climate change in their planning. In 2005, the AWWA Research Foundation (currently
the Water Research Foundation) published Climate Change and Water Resources: A Primer
for Municipal Water Providers, written by leading researchers on climate change and water
resources at the National Center for Atmospheric Resources. AWWA has also been sponsoring
training seminars on climate change across the United States for water managers.
IWA is assisting the global water community in meeting intensified challenges and
uncertainties to build systems that are more robust, flexible, and resilient. IWA’s Climate
Change programme focuses on the need to model, predict, and assess future impacts and
costs for society and the environment, and to support decision making under uncertainty.
Over the past 10 years, IWA’s journal, Water21, highlighted aspects of climate change such
as the increase in waterborne diseases (Water21 2001). IWA’s specialist group on Climate
1